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'''Public Interest Registry''' (PIR) is a [[gTLD|generic top-level Domain]] [[registry]] that manages the [[.org]] [[TLD|top level domain]]. The non-profit was established in January 2003 by the Virginia-based [[ISOC|Internet Society]] (ISOC). PIR was formed to take over the operation and maintenance of the .org domain and its database from [[Verisign]] Global Registry Services. The organization has its office in Reston, Virginia.

'''Public Interest Registry''' (PIR) is a [https://icannwiki.org/GTLD generic top-level domain] [https://icannwiki.org/Registry registry] that manages the [https://icannwiki.org/.org .org] [https://icannwiki.org/Top-Level_Domain top level domain], .[https://icannwiki.org/.ngo ngo] & [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains, .opr domain, .机构 domain and .संगठन domain. The non-profit was established in January 2003 by the Virginia-based [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society Internet Society] (ISOC). Public Interest Registry was formed to take over the operation and maintenance of the .org domain and its database from [https://icannwiki.org/Verisign Verisign] Global Registry Services. The organization’s headquarters is located in Reston, Virginia.

As of June 2012, there are 10 million million registered .org addresses, which bring in an annual revenue of $65 million. The funds are used for operating costs and technical and organizational maintenance; the remaining funds are donated to [[ISOC]].<ref>[http://philanthropy.com/article/Nonprofits-May-Soon-Say/130290/ Nonprofits May Soon], Philanthropy.com</ref><ref>[http://www.domainnews.com/en/org-seventh-tld-to-pass-ten-millionth-registration-milestone.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter Org Seventh TLD To Pass Ten Millionth Registration Mileston], DomainNews.com</ref>

As of March 2018, there are 10.4 million registered .org addresses. Revenue for the year 2016 was $85.7M. The funds are used for operating costs and technical and organizational maintenance; the remaining funds are donated to the [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society Internet Society], a lobbying and research organization.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-1|^[1]]][[Public Interest Registry#cite note-2|^[2]]]

The organization is applying for [[.ngo]] and [[.ong]] through ICANN's 2012 [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]].<ref>[http://www.ngotld.org/ Home], NGOTLD.org.</ref>

The organization applied for the [https://icannwiki.org/.ngo .ngo] and [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains through ICANN's 2012 [https://icannwiki.org/New_gTLD_Program gTLD program].[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-3|^[3]]]  The domains were created as a way for NGOs to verify the non-governmental status as an organisation online and officially launched in March of 2015. As the .ngo and .ong domains were launched, so was OnGood, a platform created by Public Interest Registry to support organisations using the new domain extensions by showcasing mission-based work around the world.  

The company's backend registry services are handled by [[Afilias]].

The company's backend registry services are handled by [https://icannwiki.org/Afilias Afilias].

 

 

 

 

 

 

[[Public Interest Registry#.NGO.2F.ONG and IDNs|4. .ngo/.ong and IDNs]]

 

 

[[Public Interest Registry#Miscellaneous|6. Miscellaneous]]

 

[[Public Interest Registry#References|7. References]]

== History ==

== History ==

The .org top-level domain was first created in October 1984 by the [[IANA|Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]],<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/org.html IANA.org].</ref> as part of its implementation of the RFC 920. Though the RFC limited the scope of the .org domain to non-profit organizations or to organizations of a non-commercial nature, over time, the scope of the domain has expanded to include any entity, whether organizational or individual, commercial or non-commercial.

The .org top-level domain was first created in October 1984 by the [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority Internet Assigned Numbers Authority],[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-4|^[4]]] as part of its implementation of the [[rfc:920|RFC 920]]. Though the RFC limited the scope of the .org domain to non-profit organizations or to organizations of a non-commercial nature, over time, the scope of the domain has expanded to include any entity, whether organizational or individual, commercial or non-commercial.

The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a non-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.

The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a non-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.

On May 25, 2001, [[ICANN]] entered into an unsponsored registry agreement with [[Verisign]] Inc. for operating the .org domain.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/verisign/registry-agmt-org-25may01.htm .org Registry Agreement]. ICANN.org. Published 2001 May 25.</ref> This agreement expired on December 31, 2002. A request for proposal was circulated by ICANN on May 20, 2002.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/tlds/org/rfp-20may02.htm .org Reassignment: Request for Proposals], ICANN.org. Published 2002 May 20.</ref> [[ISOC|The Internet Society]] was one of the eleven applicants who put in their proposals to become the successive operator.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/org/applications/ .org Reassignment: Index to Applications], ICANN.org.</ref> ISOC proposed to set up a separate entity, the "Public Interest Registry", to operate the .org [[gTLD]], with the sole power to appoint its board of directors. As part of the arrangement, PIR would appoint [[Afilias]] to handle the full range of back-end registry services on behalf of PIR. The [[ICANN Board]] selected PIR as the successor operator to Verisign for managing the .org gTLD on October 14, 2002.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-14oct02.htm#SuccessorOperatorfororgRegistry ICANN Special Meeting of the Board Preliminary Report], ICANN.org. Published 2002 October 14.</ref> Finally, the reins of .org domain came into PIR's control in January 2003; the agreement was signed for a period of three years, expiring December 2006.

On May 25, 2001, [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN ICANN] entered into an unsponsored registry agreement with [https://icannwiki.org/Verisign Verisign] Inc. for operating the .org domain.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-5|^[5]]] This agreement expired on December 31, 2002. A request for proposal was circulated by ICANN on May 20, 2002.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-6|^[6]]] [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society The Internet Society] was one of the eleven applicants who submitted proposals to become the successive operator.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-7|^[7]]] 

On December 8, 2006, the agreement between ICANN and PIR was renewed for another 6.5 years, and is set to expire on June 30, 2013.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/org/registry-agmt-16jul08.htm .org Registry Agreement], ICANN.org. Published 2008 July 16.</ref>

ISOC proposed to set up a separate entity, the "Public Interest Registry", to operate the .org [https://icannwiki.org/Generic_top-level_domain gTLD], with the sole power to appoint its Board of Directors. As part of the arrangement, Public Interest Registry would appoint [https://icannwiki.org/Afilias Afilias] to handle the full range of back-end registry services on behalf of Public Interest Registry.  

.org has emerged as the third-largest generic top-level domain in the world, as per the bi-annual domain name report published by PIR for dates of January to June 2010.<ref name="dashboard">[http://www.pir.org/pdf/dashboard_1H_2010.pdf PIR's "The Dashboard," January - June, 2010], PIR.org.</ref>

The [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN_Board ICANN Board] selected Public Interest Registry as the successor operator to Verisign for managing the .org gTLD on October 14, 2002.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-8|^[8]]] Finally, the reins of .org domain came into Public Interest Registry’s control in January 2003; the agreement was originally signed for a period of three years, expiring December 2006.

On December 8, 2006, the agreement between ICANN and Public Interest Registry was renewed for another 6.5 years.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-9|^[9]]]

A Bi-Annual report on the growth of [[.org]] showed that as of early 2013 there were 10.1 million [[.org]] registrations. The number of domains under management (DUM) grew by 4.3% in 2012, while the registrations in the second-half of the year increased by 11.9%; .ORG DUM have more than doubled during the past seven years, increasing from 3.9 million in 2005 to more than 10.1 million in 2012. Regsitrations experienced marked international growth from 2010 - 2012, Asia and the Australian Pacific grew by 47%, Africa by 23%, and Latin America by 25%.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130228_101_million_org_domains_and_counting/ 101 Million Org Domains and Counting, CircleID.com] Retreived & Published 28 Feb 2013</ref>

Registration of .org had consistently grown by 9% to 10% annually for the past three years.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/org-the-public-interest-registry-releases-results-of-bi-annual-domain-name-report-the-dashboard-2012-02-15 ORG Public Interest Registry Releases Results of Bi Annual Domain Name Report The Dashboard], MarketWatch.com. Published 2012 February 15.</ref>

In 2010, the .org domain had emerged as the third-largest generic top-level domain in the world, as per the bi-annual domain name report published by Public Interest Registry for dates of January to June 2010.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-dashboard-10|^[10]]]

Registration for .org passed the 10 million mark on June 24th, 2012. The ten millionth registration was for jadforum.org, registered by the Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin Forum via [[GoDaddy]]. It was the 7th TLD to pass the milestone, the others being: [[.com]], [[.de]] (2006), [[.net]] (2007), [[.uk]] (2012), [[.cn]], and [[.tk]].<ref>[http://www.domainnews.com/en/org-seventh-tld-to-pass-ten-millionth-registration-milestone.html Org Seventh TLD To Pass 10 Millionth Registration Milestone], DomainNews.com.</ref>

 

 

 

 

Registration for .org passed the 10 million mark on June 24th, 2012. The ten millionth registration was for jadforum.org, registered by the Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin Forum via [https://icannwiki.org/GoDaddy GoDaddy]. It was the 7th TLD to pass the milestone, the others being: [https://icannwiki.org/.com .com], [https://icannwiki.org/DENIC#.de .de] (2006), [https://icannwiki.org/.net .net](2007), [https://icannwiki.org/Nominet .uk] (2012), [https://icannwiki.org/index.php?title=CNNIC&redirect=no .cn], and [https://icannwiki.org/.tk .tk].[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-13|^[13]]]

== Governance ==

== Governance ==

PIR is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by [[ISOC]]. The board is comprised of seven members, and its current Chairman is [[Maarten Botterman]]. The CEO of PIR is an ex-officio board member.  

PIR is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society ISOC]. The Board is comprised of seven members, and its current Chairman is [https://icannwiki.org/Roberto_Gaetano Roberto Gaetano]. The CEO of Public Interest Registry is Brian Cute.

 

The Public Interest Registry leadership team comprises five senior members of the organization covering Legal, Policy, Operations and Finance. Ms. [https://icannwiki.org/Alexa_Raad Alexa Raad], the original CEO of PIR, stepped down from the position on September 24, 2010. Mr. Maarten Botterman served as interim CEO until [https://icannwiki.org/Brian_Cute Brian Cute] was appointed to the position. The organization presently has twenty-six staff members on its payroll.

 

Besides the board of directors, Public Interest Registry also has an advisory council, which was "created to advise on issues ranging from public policy to the introduction of new services." The council comprises members representing a broad spectrum of member organizations around the world. There are seven members in the .org Advisory Council, serving a term from 2015 – 2018. The .ngo and .ong Advisory Council has two members, serving until 2019.

In April 2008, Public Interest Registry submitted a request to ICANN to amend the .org registry, specifically the function of the registry and the corresponding [https://icannwiki.org/Whois Whois] and [https://icannwiki.org/Domain_Name_System DNS] systems for the .org gTLD, in order to facilitate the use of "Domain Name System Security Extensions" ([https://icannwiki.org/DNSSEC DNSSEC]) as specified in RFCs 4033, 4034, 4035 and 5155.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-14|^[14]]] The ICANN board approved this proposal in June, 2008.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-15|^[15]]]

The PIR management team comprises five senior members of the organization from three departments - law and policy, marketing, and finance/operations. Ms. [[Alexa Raad]], the original CEO of PIR, stepped down from the position on September 24, 2010. Mr. Maarten Botterman served as interim CEO until [[Brian Cute]] was appointed to the position. The organization presently has twenty-three staff members on its payroll.

On June 23, 2010, Ms. [https://icannwiki.org/Alexa_Raad Alexa Raad], Public Interest Registry’s CEO at that time, announced at an ICANN 38 Brussels press conference that .org had become the first generic top-level domain to offer full deployment of [https://icannwiki.org/DNSSEC DNSSEC]. DNSSEC had become the most robust security protocol on the internet as of 2010, and registrars who have implemented DNSSEC in their system can "offer added security protection to their customers by enabling .org website owners to sign their respective domain name with validation keys."[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-dashboard-10|^[10]]]

Besides the board of directors, PIR also has an advisory council, which was "created to advise on issues ranging from public policy to the introduction of new services". The council comprises members representing a broad spectrum of member organizations around the world. There are fifteen members in the present advisory council, serving a term from 2010 to 2012. The council is further organized into working groups, with mandates to provide project-based analysis and input. There are presently four working groups: [[IDN]], Policy, [[DNSSEC]], and Outreach & Awareness.

The benefit of DNSSEC to a .org registrant is the "added ability to thwart the increased predominance of attacks like pharming, cache poisoning, [https://icannwiki.org/Domain_Name_System DNS] redirection and domain hijacking - all of which have been used to commit fraud, distribute malware and identity theft."[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-dashboard-10|^[10]]]

== Deployment of DNSSEC ==

==.ngo, .ong and IDNs==

In April 2008, PIR submitted a request to ICANN to amend the .org registry, specifically the function of the registry and the corresponding [[Whois]] and [[DNS]] systems for the .org gTLD, in order to facilitate the use of "Domain Name System Security Extensions" ([[DNSSEC]]) as specified in RFCs 4033, 4034, 4035 and 5155.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/registries/rsep/pir-request-03apr08.pdf Registrar Survey for DNSSec Deployment in .ORG], ICANN.org. Published 2008 April 3.</ref> The ICANN board approved this proposal in June, 2008.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/resolutions-26jun08.htm#_Toc76113176 ICANN Adopted Board Resolutions (26 June 2008)], ICANN.org. Published 2008 June 26.</ref>

Public Interest Registry announced ahead of the January 2012 launch of [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN ICANN]'s [https://icannwiki.org/New_gTLD_Program new gTLD program] that it was planning on applying for [https://icannwiki.org/.ngo .ngo] and [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains; Public Interest Registry was a platinum sponsor of [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN_42 ICANN 42] in Dakar.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-16|^[16]]]  Public Interest Registry also announced that it had intentions to implement an authentication process that would ensure that all .ngo and .ong registrants were actual NGOs, given the fact that [https://icannwiki.org/.org .org] is an open TLD. Public Interest Registry was the only applicant for .ngo and .ong. Early in the process there were intentions from [dotNGO]].[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-17|^[17]]] to apply for .ngo. The .ngo and .ong domains went into sunrise on March 17, 2015.

On June 23, 2010, Ms. [[Alexa Raad]], PIR's CEO at that time, announced at an ICANN 38 Brussels press conference that .org has become the first generic top-level domain to offer full deployment of [[DNSSEC]]. DNSSEC had become the most robust security protocol on the internet as of 2010, and registrars who have implemented DNSSEC in their system can "offer added security protection to their customers by enabling .org website owners to sign their respective domain name with validation keys."<ref name="dashboard"></ref>

For Internationalized Domain Names ([https://icannwiki.org/IDN IDNs]), Public Interest Registry submitted for the generic top-level domains (gTLDs) that translate to “organization,” “org” or “structured organization” in Devanagari, Cyrillic and Chinese-simplified scripts. The four applications - one in Devenagari, one in Cyrillic, and two in simplified Chinese- were filed as part of ICANN’s global Internet expansion initiative. In 2014, the Devengari, Cyrillic and 2-character Chinese simplified scripts were officially launched. 

==.NGO/.ONG and IDNs==

Public Interest Registry’s mission is to educate and enable the global noncommercial community in support of using the internet more effectively. Public Interest Registry began working with [http://www.nptechforgood.com/heather-mansfield/ Nonprofit Tech for Good] in 2015. The two organizations set out to educate the nonprofit industry through the development of the [http://techreport.ngo/ Global NGO Technology Report] and [https://givingreport.ngo/ Global Trends in Giving Report]. Both reports survey thousands of NGOs around the world about their use of technology to connect with their audience and donors. The report provides insight on the online and mobile communication tools NGOs around the world use to promote general awareness, communicate with core audiences and raise funds from donors, as well as an analysis of those online tools and comparisons of regional usage.

PIR announced ahead of the January 2012 launch of [[ICANN]]'s [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]] that it was planning on applying for [[.ngo]]/[[.ong]]; the PIR iniatiative was a platinum sponsor of [[ICANN 42]] in Dakar.<ref>[http://dakar42.icann.org/ Dakar42], ICANN.org.</ref> PIR also announced that it had intentions to implement an authentication process that would ensure that all .ngo and .ong registrants were actual NGOs, given the fact that [[.org]] is an open TLD. PIR is the only applicant for .NGO/.ONG.  Early in the process there were intentions from [dotNGO]].<ref>[http://philanthropy.com/article/Nonprofits-May-Soon-Say/130290/ Nonprofits May Soon Say], Philanthropy.com.</ref> to apply for .NGO.

For Internationalized Domain Names ([[IDN]]s), PIR submitted for the generic top-level domains (gTLDs) that translate “organization,” “org” or “structured organization” into Devanagari, Cyrillic and Chinese-simplified scripts. The four applications- one in Devenagari, one in Cyrillic, and two in simplified Chinese- were filed as part of ICANN’s global Internet expansion initiative.

Public Interest Registry and Nonprofit Tech for Good have partnered to host multiple webinars to educate attendees on a variety of topics ranging from online communications trends to how to best communicate with donors. The free webinars concluded in December 2017 with nearly [http://www.nptechforgood.com/social-and-mobile-media-webinars-for-nonprofits/ 58,000 nonprofit staff] worldwide having participated.  

== Miscellaneous ==

== Miscellaneous ==

* There are 8.5 million domains registered under the .org domain as of end of July 2010.<ref name="dashboard"></ref>

* There are 10.4 million domains registered under the .org domain as of March 2018.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-dashboard-10|^[10]]]

* The [[gTLD]] registry celebrated its 25th anniversary of existence in June 2010 by hosting a birthday bash during Music Night at [[ICANN 38]] Brussels.

* Public Interest Registry celebrated 15 years of operating the .org domain in January 2018.  

* .org registrations surpassed the growth of .com and .net by posting a percentage growth rate of 7.6% in the period January to July 2010; however, the .info domain beat them all with a growth rate of 20.0%.

* North America is the largest market for .org domains, making up 56% of .org registrants.

* North America is the largest market for .org domains, making up 64% of .org registrants.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

== References ==

== References ==