ARPANET: Difference between revisions
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===J.C.R. Licklider Commissioned to Lead IPTO=== | ===J.C.R. Licklider Commissioned to Lead IPTO=== | ||
During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from [[BBN|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead the | During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from [[BBN|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]] which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide are computer networks for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major Defense sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack. | ||
Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching. He also visualized a universal network that will allow people to communicate with each other using the commputer. He called the first group of computer specialist working in the research project as the '''Intergalactic Network'''. Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET. <ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Part I: The history of ARPA leading up to the ARPANET]</ref>He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/n www.columbia.edu]</ref> | |||
IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of California Berkeley|UCB]], [[University of California Los Angeles|UCLA ]], [[University of California Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[University of Illinois]], and the [[University of Utah]]. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as [[BBN]], [[Computer Corporation of America]], [[RAND]], [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and [[Systems Development Corporation]] to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm IPTO]</ref> These laboratories were connected together upon the creation of ARPANET to enable exchange of ideas regarding their research activities.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_darpa.htm www.livinginternet.com]</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 05:38, 13 August 2011
ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) originally created by a small team of research expert that was funded by the ARPA of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET is the original and first wide packet-switching network.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
The Creation of ARPA/DARPA[edit | edit source]
During the cold war between the United States and Soviet Union, both countries are building nuclear missiles and preparing for a possible attack. The United States government was primarily concerned on finding ways to protect the military communications system and it is focused on finding ways to make its command and control network to survive a nuclear attack.
In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower instructed the creation of the Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) which later became DARPA [2] after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957. [3]
Paul Baran and Packet Switching[edit | edit source]
The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with Paul Baran, a researcher from RAND, Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using redundancy and digital technology." His idea was dismissed by many however, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisage a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes will serve as switches that will route information from one node to another until it reaches its final destination. He later developed packet switching, a method of dividing information into "message blocks" before sending them out to a network. Each message block will be sent separately and will rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.[4]
J.C.R. Licklider Commissioned to Lead IPTO[edit | edit source]
During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. J.C.R. Licklider from Bolt, Beranek and Newman to lead the Information Processing Techniques Office which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide are computer networks for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major Defense sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.
Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching. He also visualized a universal network that will allow people to communicate with each other using the commputer. He called the first group of computer specialist working in the research project as the Intergalactic Network. Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET. [5]He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."[6]
IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: Carnegie-Mellon University, Harvard University, MIT, Stanford University, UCB, UCLA , UCSB, University of Illinois, and the University of Utah. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as BBN, Computer Corporation of America, RAND, SRI, and Systems Development Corporation to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.[7] These laboratories were connected together upon the creation of ARPANET to enable exchange of ideas regarding their research activities.[8]