Domain Name System/zh
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DNS（域名系统）是用于将字母数字域名转化为互联网协议数字的系统。简单地说，DNS将输入在网络浏览器地址栏中的名称转化为IP地址。[1]
概述
DNS由许多服务器和数据库组成，通过在各种高速缓存存储器中进行一系列查找，将域名配置成IP地址。域名系统是一个分层排列的分布式数据库；其目的是在互联网服务（网络、电子邮件等）和用于唯一标识互联网上任何一台给定机器的数字地址（IP地址）之间提供一个抽象层。DNS各种信息与域名结合起来，最重要的是，将对于人类而言有意义的域名转化为可以定位指定目标的数字标识。
DNS的工作原理是什么？
DNS使人们能够将域名以有意义的方式分配给互联网资源以及用户，而与实体的位置无关。因此，即使是对于移动设备而言，“WWW”超链接也得以保持一致。人们通过域名更加容易记住一个地址，但是连接到互联网时，这个域名需要被转化为相应的数字形式，即IP格式。[2]
Coordination across the Internet is maintained by means of a complex authoritative root system known as the Top Level Domain (TLD), as well as the DNS and other smaller name servers responsible for hosting individual domain information. For each domain, the DNS spreads the responsibility by mapping the domain names and assigning them into IP addresses, and vice-versa. This is accomplished through authoritative name servers which have been designated for each domain. Each authoritative name server is responsible for its own particular domain, but it has the authority to assign new authoritative name servers to any of its sub-domains. The DNS is able to store many types of information, even the mail server lists for a specific domain. The DNS is a core element which ensures the functionality of the Internet through its distributed keyword-based redirection service.
However, the DNS does not include security extensions, which was instead developed as DNSSEC.
The Structure of a DNS
The Domain Name System presents the following structure:
- Domain space name: represented by tree of domain names with nodes and leaves [3]
- Domain name syntax: rules include in standards like RFC 1035, RFC 1123, and RFC 2181
- Name server
- Domain names Internationalized
- DNS resolver: initiates the queries will finally lead to the complete translation (resolution) of the information.
DNS Services
These types of services include:
- Managing the DNS
- By means of powerful, secure and complete tools and DNS administration options such as Manage A records or MX records
- By means of controlling and managing the traffic
- Hosting the DNS
- Efficient DNS resolution
- Location DNS services: to ease visitors' work, increase visitors' satisfaction and strengthen the relationship with all visitors.[4]
Recent developments
In 2012, an IETF draft proposal, called "DNS Extension for Autonomous Internet (AIP)," was written by three Chinese technologists suggesting a method of operating alternate DNS root servers within national boundaries using gateways for translation. All DNS requests would carry an additional TLD, in order to designate that the requests were being sent to an alternate root.
Domain node “www.yahoo.com” in network B is expressed as “www.yahoo.com.B” for its external domain name.
The proposal would allow greater governmental control over the Internet.[5]