GTLD Auctions

From ICANNWiki
Revision as of 07:40, 20 December 2014 by Kempe (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is neutral, but is sponsored by Applicant Auction,
a private auction for resolving gTLD string contentions,
facilitated by Innovative Auctions.
More information can be found here.
Applicant auction.png
ICANNWiki Gold Sponsor

In the case where multiple entities apply for a single ICANN new gTLD, two main models -- ICANN Auctions and Private Auctions -- will be used to determine the winner of each contention set. Exceptions are made in the case of geographic and community-based applicants, who receive preferential treatment over other applicants.

In August 2008, ICANN published a document making the economic case for using auctions to determine the winner of new gTLDs, citing allocative efficiency. In particular:[1]

  1. Applicants whose true intentions or abilities are to serve many users would be able to justify higher bids than applicants who will serve few users;
  2. Applicants capable of providing high-quality service at low cost would be able to justify higher bids than low-quality, high-cost applicants;
  3. Applicants who intend to develop the gTLD immediately would be able to justify higher bids than applicants whose purpose is to hold the gTLD, unused, for speculative purposes.

ICANN notes in the document that although "auctions are not perfectly aligned with ICANN's objectives, alternative allocation mechanisms such as comparative evaluations and lotteries inherently have much more severe limitations and defects."[1]

ICANN Auctions

ICANN condones private auctions, as it has encouraged applicants to resolve contention themselves, presumably through buy-outs, partnerships, and auctions. ICANN offers its own auction model as a last resort. All proceeds from gTLDs auctioned off under ICANN's auction model will go to ICANN as "excess funds" that will be redistributed at a later date, in ways that are yet to be determined.[2]

The first ICANN auction of last resort was concluded on 4 June 2014 for the string .信息 which had two applicants. The winning price was $600,000 US Dollars. ICANN used their authorized auction services provider Power Auctions, LLC to carry out the auctions.[3]

ICANN auctions are scheduled on a monthly basis through 2015. The auctions are scheduled in batches (view schedule here). Applicants may submit a request to postpone ICANN auctions so that they can have additional time to resolve contention sets privately.[4]

Private Auctions

Applicants must decide which private auction model to choose. Numerous companies have surfaced to offer private auction models, including Innovative Auctions, Right of the Dot, and Sedo. All offer variations on implementation and services but also share commonalities in their proposed models. The winner will pay the amount of the second-highest bid, split either equally or proportionally between the losing applicants.[5] All applicants for a contention set must agree to participate in order for a private auction to proceed; otherwise, the contention set will be managed via ICANN's Last Resort Auction. Applicants interested in private auctions must also decide _when_ they wish to participate. Those who withdraw their applications before ICANN posts its Initial Evaluation results will receive a 70% refund of their $185,000 application fee; those who wait until after the IE stage will only receive a 35% refund.[5]

Benefits of the private auction model include the following:[6]

  • Elimination of ICANN Process Delays: Resolving contentions externally allows for more efficient application processing.
  • Recovery of Funds: Non-winning bids receive a portion of the winning bid.
  • Partial Application Fee: Those who do not win their TLD may be eligible to receive a partial refund from ICANN, in addition to payouts from the winning bids.

Drawbacks of the private auction model include the following:[6]

  • Jurisdiction: Enforcement of agreements across jurisdictions could be challenging, particularly if a participant fails to make good on its agreement.
  • Funding: According to a CircleID article: "In the case where applicants have numerous strings in contention, a portion of the winning bid will be paid to non-winning applicants that can be used in subsequent auctions in which the winning bidder will be participating in. For example, if Company X is the winning bid for Auction A against Company Y and later, Company X and Company Y are in Auction B, Company Y now has additional funds received from Company X to use in Auction B."
  • Participation: All parties within a contention set must agree to participate.
  • Failure: If a bid is entered early and the winning bidder fails to pass ICANN's evaluation process, the string could go unclaimed.

Donuts Co-founder Jon Nevett says that Donuts will handle as many of its contention sets as possible via private auction, as auctions will be cheaper and faster for applicants than ICANN's original method. "The cost of losing an ICANN auction is greater than the cost of losing a private auction," Nevett said. "If you lose an ICANN auction you get nothing, zero, you lose your asset... [but with private auctions] it doesn't hurt as much to lose, so the theory is the second-place guys won't stretch as much."[7]

CEO of Top Level Domain Holdings Antony Van Couvering has come out in support of private auctions over ICANN auctions, as well. In a article written on June 3, 2013, he discussed the benefits and drawback of each model. ICANN auctions would only deplete applicants' funds, he argues, which could be used for marketing, research, and technology.[8]

Innovative Auctions

Innovative Auctions (IAL) is offering gTLD auction services to applicants in contention in ICANN's New gTLD Program. Their Applicant Auction was designed by Dr. Peter Cramton, a leading expert on auction design and strategy.

IAL is the first group to have resolved gTLD contention sets via private auction and has resolved more than any other private auction. The first Applicant Auction was held in June 2013, and to date, Innovative Auctions has resolved contention for more than 25 gTLDs. For the first 14 strings, the total sales price was $18.66 million [9]. The results of the subsequent auctions have not been disclosed.

Innovative Auctions' model is preferred by many applicants, including the largest TLD applicant, Donuts.[10] Raymond King, applicant for 10 TLDs with Top Level Design expressed his favor for Private Auctions in general, and Innovative Auctions specifically, in an opinion piece on CircleID. The Applicant Auction was featured in a recent article in The New Yorker.

During ICANN 45 in Toronto, auction expert Dr. Cramton outlined an "ascending clock" model, where a price is increased by the auctioneer at each stage; bidders and sellers can then either drop out or bid on the increased amount.[7] ICANN has identified the same style of auction for its own Auction of Last Resort.[11] At his presentation following the ICANN Draw in December 2012, Dr. Cramton also also addressed a sequential first-price sealed bid, noting that the ascending clock model is still preferred given that it involves: better price discovery, better deposit management, reduced tendency to overbid, and is more consistent with the ICANN Auction of Last Resort.[12]

Cramton has defended IAL's decision to exclusively offer one style of auction, as opposed to Right of the Dot's three options, by writing on CircleID, "Choosing an auction design is not a matter of taste, or of favoring one bidder over another. There is a whole field in economics concerned with determining what the best auction is for a particular situation. Thousands of scientific papers have been written on the subject and much has been learned from decades of study." He goes on to note that using an independent system and auction provider, uniform across auctions, takes away the need to negotiate the auction style between the parties and creates a more predictable playing field.[13]

Cramton's original model proposed to run auctions during the first quarter of 2013, before ICANN announced the results of their Initial Evaluation. Such a model would allow losing bidders to receive 70% back from their ICANN application fee, but would pose difficulties if winning applicants later discovered their applications were rejected as other applicants would have withdrawn already, and the new gTLD would be left without an owner. The former model also lumped all TLDs that an individual applicant had applied for in one package. Criticisms stating that such a model would benefit larger companies led to a change, so that auctions will now proceed on a TLD-by-TLD basis, with all auctions being simultaneously resolved at the same time.[7]


Right of the Dot

Right of the Dot suggests three models, though it stresses that it is a flexible consultancy with experience to work out unique remediation processes as well. The three auction models are an ascending clock model, a sealed bid, and a live auction. An ascending clock model, is they type to be used by ICANN in its last resort auctions and the only model offered by competitive provider Innovative Auctions. Right of the Dot recommends the sealed bid auction, which sees each applicant submitting a sealed bid, the highest bidder wins and pays the amount of the second highest bid. It also recommends that the proceeds are not distributed evenly but proportionate with the bid made by each loser.[14] Live auctions are held in real time as bidders shout out or submit electronic bids. One of Right of the Dot's overall goals is to offer applicants "flexibility", and cater to the "desires of the participants".[15] In comments on a CircleID Post by new gTLD applicant Raymond King, Mike Berkens of Right of the Dot claims that their main opponent, Innovative Auctions (formerly Cramton Associates), is restrictive, writing: "the other auction solution is offered only during highly restricted time frames, and in a highly restricted manner, which we think was designed in mind with the those with largest number of applications." He goes on to say: "We believe that other auction solutions are overly complex and overbearing [which] we believe is more subject to game playing and over paying by winning bidders. We think each auction should stand on its own; each participant should know what their fees will be based on their own auction(s) not be based off auctions they are not participating in; and most importantly should be held at the time and in the manner in which the applicants to each string desire." Their flexibility is extended to the point that Right of the Dot offers to design unique auctions if requested by the applicants.[16]

Further options that the team will facilitate include giving the proceeds of the auction to a third party charity.[14]

Right of the Dot has partnered with Escrow.com to facilitate their auctions. The auction fees begin at 4% and depend on the auction model selected.[16]

The company is led by Monte Cahn and Mike Berkens, two very well-known domainers and industry veterans. They note that they have 17 years of domain auction knowledge and experience and have conducted tens of thousands of auctions. They emphasize their industry knowledge and personal connections are a unique asset that they bring to bear, and believe it will empower them to bring more applicants to the table compared to non-industry service providers.[15] Right Of The Dot has received an Auction Business License for Contention Resolution Services by the State of Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation for the exact purpose of: New TLD Contention Resolution and Consulting Services including Private Auction Services for competing applicants, Internet Domain Name Auctions, Sales, Brokerage, and Management Services.[16] Right of the Dot is not only offering auction services, but an entire full-service gTLD consultancy, from positioning the domain pre-launch to guiding it through managed and unique launch programs, identifying premium names for auction, later traffic and domain monetization, and beyond. They have secured a number of high-profile partners, such as Architelos, to assist them in their work.[17] To date, Right of the Dot has not held any private auction events.

Sedo

In October 2012, the well-known industry aftermarket Sedo announced its availability for a variety of new gTLD services, including contention auctions. Further services include: Premium domain list identification and pricing; Sunrise, Landrush, and Premium auctions; Distribution via SedoMLS network, the world's largest domain distribution network; and premium domain brokerage and pre-brokerage, connecting domains with prominent buyers.[18]

Sedo is an international player, with prominent offices in Europe and North America; multilingual; and the world's largest domain marketplace.[19] Recent success stories include major consultations with the launch of the open ccTLD .co as a gTLD.[20]

There does not appear to be any direct information on the types of auctions preferred by Sedo available at this time, January 2013.

Legality of Private Auctions

In March 2013, the ICANN community and its new gTLD applicants and their representatives responded to news that prominent portfolio new TLD applicant, Uniregistry, had learned from the U.S. Department of Justice that Private gTLD Auctions would be potentially illegal and could be prosecuted as "bid-rigging." The practice in question is illegal in various countries and largely related to government contracts, when bidders for multiple contracts may collude to each submit one high-ball bid for different jobs, thereby guaranteeing that they will each receive the project where they were able to submit the lower bid. The practice inflates the price paid for work obtained via bidding processes. The ICANN process is notably different in the fact that ICANN has expressly noted that it prefers not to receive funds via auction and prefers applicants to reach agreements among themselves. However, it is not up to ICANN whether or not charges are pressed, and the Department of Justice (DOJ) apparently has declined to issue a business review of various private gTLD contention resolution mechanisms. Uniregistry has concluded that because the DOJ declined to issue a business review, that, "no private party, including ICANN, has the authority to grant to any other party exemptions to, or immunity from, the antitrust laws. The decision means that the Department of Justice reserves its right to prosecute and/or seek civil penalties from persons or companies that participate in anti-competitive schemes in violation of applicable antitrust laws."

The announcement from Uniregistry was decried by prominent supporters of private auctions, such as Michael Berkens of the auction services provider Right of the Dot, while other community members, such as Antony Van Couvering of Minds + Machines, corroborated Uniregistry's statements (until later reversing course and supporting private auctions).[21] It has been noted that Uniregistry has never supported private auctions, and it has arguably come to the conclusion that it stands a better chance of winning contention sets against other large portfolio applicants, such as Donuts and Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd., if those applicants are not allowed to receive funds through lost auctions. On June 3rd, 2013 Van Couvering wrote an article in CircleID in which he changed positions to support private auctions. He argues that private auctions will provide more money for companies to create "healthy, vigorous registries."[22]

Commentators have noted that the DOJ could just as easily prosecute the ICANN Auctions of Last resort, though ICANN would have significant funds obtained via these auctions and the application process to defend itself via legal proceedings.[23]

Chinese version of this page/本页中文版

通用顶级域竞拍

当发生多个实体申请互联网名称与数字地址分配机构（ICANN）的同一个新通用顶级域时，将通过两种主要模式决定每个争用集的获胜者，即ICANN竞拍和私人竞拍。对于基于其地域和社区的顶级域申请人存有例外，他们将享受优先待遇。

在2008年8月，ICANN发布了一份文件，指出通过竞拍判断新通用顶级域获胜者的经济意义，并援引了分配效率，详细内容是：[1]

  1. 申请人的真实意图或能力是为了服务众多用户时，将有能力证明其投标高于服务较少用户的申请人；
  2. 申请人能够以低成本提供高品质的服务时，将有能力证明其投标高于以高成本提供低品质服务的申请人；
  3. 申请人打算立即开发通用顶级域时，将有能力证明其投标高于抱有投机目的持有并且搁置通用顶级域的申请人。

ICANN在文件中提出，尽管“竞拍并不完全符合ICANN的宗旨，但替代分配机制本身，比如比较评价和抽签，具有更严重的局限和缺点。” [1]

竞拍

ICANN接受私人竞拍，因为申请人可以自己解决争用问题，大概为通过买断、合伙和竞拍。ICANN将自己的竞拍模式作为最后的解决手段。通过ICANN的竞拍模式竞拍通用顶级域得到的所有收益将作为ICANN的“额外基金”并且将在后来的某个时间重新分配，但是分配方式待定。[24]


以ICANN竞拍作为最后解决办法的首次竞拍结束于2014年6月4日，解决了拥有两名申请人的.信息这个字符串的争用。最终获胜价格是60万美元。ICANN通过其授权的拍卖服务提供商Power Auctions, LLC组织了本次竞拍。[25]

ICANN 2015年的竞拍计划为每月一次。竞拍将分批进行（日程表参考这里）。申请人可以提交推迟ICANN竞拍的申请，从而获得更多的时间私下解决争用集的问题。[26]

私人竞拍

申请人必须决定选择哪种私人竞拍模式。许多公司都提供私人竞拍模式，包括Innovative Auctions、Right of the Dot和Sedo。这些公司均提供各不相同的实施方案和服务，但其模式也具有共性。获胜者将按照第二高的报价进行付款，款项在失败的申请人之间均分或按比例分配。.[5]一个争用集的所有申请者必须全部同意参与才能进行私人竞拍；否则，该争用集将通过ICANN的最终竞拍进行解决。有意参加私人竞拍的申请人还必须决定他们参加的时间。在ICANN发布其初步评估结果之前撤销申请的人将收到其185,000美元申请费用的70%的退款，而在ICANN发布初步评估结果之后撤销申请的人只能收到35%的退款。[5]

私人竞拍模式具有以下优势： [6]

  • 避免ICANN流程引起的延误：在外部解决争用问题可以让申请流程更加顺畅。
  • 收回现金：失利的投标人可以从获胜投标人所支付款项中分一杯羹。
  • 部分申请费用：没有赢得顶级域的竞拍者除了有资格收到来自ICANN的部分退款之外，还将收到获胜竞拍者所付款项中的一部分。

私人竞拍模式具有以下劣势：[6]

  • 权限：在行政辖区内执行协议具有挑战性，尤其是当一名参与者未能按约定履行协议时。
  • 出资：根据CircleID的一篇文章显示：“如果申请人争用的字符串有很多，获胜投标者所付款项中的一部分将支付给未获胜的申请人，可以在后来由未获胜的申请人在获胜投标人也参加的竞拍中使用。比如，在竞拍A中，公司X获胜，而公司Y失败。后来公司X和公司Y同时参加竞拍B，那么公司Y就可以在竞拍B中使用来自公司X的额外资金进行竞拍。”
  • 参与：一个争用集中涉及的各方必须都同意参加竞拍。
  • 失败：如果投标很早进行，而获胜投标人未能通过ICANN的评估过程，该字符串将处于无主状态。

Donuts联合创始人Jon Nevett说道，Donuts将通过私人竞拍尽可能多地处理争用集，因为与ICANN的原始方法相比，对于申请者而言，拍卖更便宜更快速。“在ICANN竞拍中失败的代价要高于在私人竞拍中失败的代价。”Nevett说道，“如果你在ICANN竞拍中失败，那么你什么也得不到，你将失去你的财产……(但是在私人竞拍中失败)不会损失那么多，因此原理是标价第二高的人们的损失不会那么大。” [7]

Top Level Domain Holdings的首席执行官Antony Van Couvering也宣布支持私人竞拍而不是ICANN竞拍。在2013年6月3日的一篇文章中，他论及了每种模式的优点和缺点。他辩称，ICANN竞拍只会耗尽申请人的资金，而这些资金可以用于营销、研究和技术领域。[27]

Innovative Auctions

Innovative Auctions (IAL) is offering gTLD auction services to applicants in contention in ICANN's New gTLD Program. Their Applicant Auction was designed by Dr. Peter Cramton, a leading expert on auction design and strategy. Innovative Auctions（IAL）现在向申请人提供ICANN新通用顶级域项目中处于争用状态的通用顶级域的竞拍服务。他们的申请人竞拍由竞拍设计和策略顶尖专家Peter Cramton博士设计。

IAL是首家通过私人竞拍解决通用顶级域争用集的团体，并且已解决的争用集数量超过其他任何私人竞拍公司。首次申请人竞拍在2013年6月进行，并且Innovative Auctions至今已解决超过25个通用顶级域的争用问题。前14个字符串的总销售额为1866万美元。[9]之后的竞拍结果尚未公布。

Innovative Auctions' model is preferred by many applicants, including the largest TLD applicant, Donuts.[28] Raymond King, applicant for 10 TLDs with Top Level Design expressed his favor for Private Auctions in general, and Innovative Auctions specifically, in an opinion piece on CircleID. The Applicant Auction was featured in a recent article in The New Yorker. Innovative Auctions的模式受到许多申请人的青睐，其中包括最大的顶级域申请人Donuts。[29]来自申请10个顶级域的Top Level Design的Raymond King，在opinion piece on CircleID的一个评论板块中表达了他总体上对私人竞拍的支持，尤其是是对Innovative Auctions公司的支持。The New Yorker近期的一篇文章中对“申请人竞拍”进行了报道。

在多伦多举办的ICANN 第45届大会期间，竞拍专家Cramton博士概述了一种称为“多轮提价拍卖”的模式，由拍卖商在每个阶段将价格提高；然后，竞拍者和卖家可以选择退出或根据提高的价格进行竞拍。[7]ICANN已经确认在其自身的“最终竞拍” 中使用相同的模式。.[7]在2012年12月ICANN抽签之后的简报中，Cramton博士还提出了一个顺序型的第一价格密封投标，他说“多轮提价拍卖”依然是优先使用的模式，因为它能够：更好地探索价格、能够更好地管理定金、降低过高出价的趋势并且与ICANN最终竞拍方案更加一致。[12]

Cramton支持IAL提供唯一竞拍模式的决定，而不支持Right of the Dot 采取三种模式的方法，他在CircleID为此辩护说：“选择一种竞拍方式无关乎品味，也不意味着支持一个投标人而不支持其他人。经济学中有一个完整领域专门探讨在判定特定情形下应选择的最佳竞拍模式是什么。关于这个问题已经有数千篇科学论文发表，人们从几十年的研究中学习到了大量的相关知识。”他还继续提出，使用一个独立的系统和拍卖商，建立拍卖的统一性，能够免除在各方之间探讨竞拍模式的需要并且创建一个更加可预测的竞争环境。[13]

Cramton的原始模式提议在2013年的第一季度，在ICANN宣布其初步评估结果之前进行竞拍。这种模式能够让失败的投标者收到其ICANN申请费70%的退款，但是会造成的困难是，如果申请人在竞拍获胜之后发现他们的申请被ICANN拒绝，而其他申请人已经撤回了申请，那么相关的新通用顶级域将陷入无主状态。之前的模式还要求每个申请人所申请的所有顶级域作为一个组合进行竞拍。有评论批评说这样的模式会让大公司获益，因此发生了变化，所以现在是按照顶级域与竞拍一对一的方式进行，所有的竞拍都能同时得以解决。[7]


Right of the Dot

Right of the Dot建议使用三种模式，不过它强调自己是一家灵活的咨询公司，具有设计独特补救流程的经验。三种竞拍模式分别为：多轮提价竞拍、密封投标和现场竞拍。多轮提价竞拍是ICANN最终竞拍将采纳的模式，也是其竞争者Innovative Auctions所使用的唯一模式。Right of the Dot公司推荐使用密封投标竞拍模式，这种模式下将由每位申请人提交一份密封的投标，出价最高的投标人获胜并按照第二高的竞拍价格付款。它还建议将收益在失败的投标人之间按比例分配，而不是平均分配。[14]现场竞拍是一种实时竞拍模式，投标人喊出自己的标价或提交电子投标。Right of the Dot公司的目标之一是让申请人感受到“灵活性”，并迎合“参与者的需求”。[14]在评论新通用顶级域申请人 Raymond King发表的一篇CircleID 贴文中，来自Right of the Dot公司的Mike Berkens宣称，他们的主要对手Innovative Auctions（前身为Cramton Associates）具有限制性，他写道：“另一种竞拍方案只能在高度局限的时间范围内，以高度限制的方式进行，我们认为这样的设计是以申请数量最多的人为中心的。”他继续说道，“我们相信其他竞拍方案过于复杂和具有压制性，我们相信这种方式更像博弈，获胜投标人所付的款项更多。我们认为每种竞拍应该独立存在；每位申请人应该知道他们的费用是基于他们自己的竞拍，而不受他们没有参与的竞拍的影响；最重要的是，应该在每个字符串申请人所希望的时间以及按照他们希望的方式进行。”Right of the Dot的灵活性甚至表现为，如果经申请人要求，可以设计独特的竞拍模式。[16]

该团队将提供的进一步选择包括将竞拍收益捐赠给第三方慈善机构。[14]

Right of the Dot公司与Escrow.com合作，为其竞拍提供便利服务。竞拍费用起始点为4%并取决于所选的竞拍模式。[16]

公司领导人为Monte Cahn 和Mike Berkens，他们两位是非常知名的域名投资人和业内行家。他们宣称自己拥有17年的域名竞拍知识和经验，已经组织过数以万计的竞拍。他们强调说，他们的行业知识和私人关系是支撑他们的独特财产，与非业内服务提供商相比，他们相信能够以此吸引更多的申请人。[15] Right Of The Dot已经取得了佛罗里达州商务和职业监管部授予的竞拍业务执照用以提供“争用解决服务”，具体范围包括：新通用顶级域争用解决和咨询服务，包括为相互竞争的申请人提供私人竞拍服务、互联网域名竞拍、销售、经纪和管理服务。[16] Right of the Dot不仅提供竞拍服务，还提供全套的通用顶级域咨询服务，包括从“域名上线前市场定位”到指导与之相关的“有组织的独特发行项目”、“鉴别可以拍卖的优质域名”、之后的“访问量”和域名货币化以及更多服务。他们已经与一些高端合作商锁定合作，比如Architelos，共同协助他们的工作。[30]至今，Right of the Dot还没有举行任何私人竞拍活动。

Sedo

2012年10月，业界知名售后服务提供商Sedo宣布其开始提供各种新通用顶级域服务，包括争用竞拍。进一步的服务包括：优质域名鉴定和定价；优先期、抢注期和优质域名竞拍；通过世界上最大的域名分配网络“SedoMLS”网络进行分配；以及优质域名经纪和预经纪服务，为域名和杰出的买家牵线搭桥。[31]

Sedo是一名具有全球影响力的参与者，其主要办事处位于欧洲和北美，提供多语言服务，也是世界上最大的域名市场。[32]近期的成功案例包括对作为通用顶级域 推出的开放型国家代码顶级域 .co 提供的重要咨询。[33]

截止2013年1月为止，还没有直接相关信息显示Sedo首选的竞拍类型的什么。

私人竞拍的合法性

2013年3月，ICANN社区及其新通用顶级域申请人和他们的代表对消息做出回应称，优秀组合新通用顶级域申请人Uniregistry已从美国司法部获悉，私人通用顶级域竞拍将有可能被认为非法并且可能被起诉为“串通投标”。被质疑的这一做法在许多国家都是非法的，并且与政府合同有很大关联，当多名投标人对多项合同进行投标时，他们可能相互串通，每人为不同的工作提交一份最高报价，这样就能确保他们每人都能够得到其可以提交低价投标的项目。这一做法虚抬了通过竞拍支付给工作的价格。ICANN的流程则显著不同，因为ICANN已经明确提出其更倾向于让申请人彼此达成协议，而不倾向于通过竞拍获取资金。然而，是否起诉则不取决于ICANN，司法部显然已经拒绝对各种私人化的通用顶级域争用解决机制进行业务审查。Uniregistry给出的结论认为，由于司法部拒绝进行业务审核，那么“任何私人团体，包括ICANN无权豁免其他团体不受反垄断法的制约。该决议意味着司法部保留其对参与反竞争方案而违背适用的反垄断法的个人或公司进行起诉并且/或者做出民事处罚的权力。”

Uniregistry发布的这一消息受到了私人竞拍主要支持者的谴责，比如来自竞拍服务提供商Right of the Dot的Michael Berkens，而其他社区成员，比如Minds + Machines的Antony Van Couvering，证实了Uniregistry的说法（直至后来转换方向并支持私人竞拍）。[21]人们注意到，Uniregistry始终不支持私人竞拍，如果其他申请人无法通过竞拍失败来获取资金的话，它大概已经得出的结论就是其能够赢得争用集而挫败其他大型组合申请人，比如Donuts 和Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd.。在2013年6月3日，Van Couvering在CircleID上写了一篇文章，他转而支持私人竞拍。他辩称，私人竞拍能够为公司提供更多的资金从而创建“健康、有活力的注册局。” [34]

评论员提出，司法部可以轻易起诉ICANN的最终竞拍，尽管ICANN通过这些竞拍以及申请过程获取了大量的资金通过法律诉讼为自己进行辩护。[35]


Chinese translation of this page provided thanks to TLD Registry Ltd.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Economic Case for Auctions in New gTLDs, ICANN.org. Published 8 August 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  2. ↑ ICANN, Make a Difference, Slate.com. Published 27 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Announcement 4 June 2014 ICANN.org; Retrieved 5 June 2014
  4. ↑ Auction Resources ICANN.org; Retrieved 5 June 2014
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 New gTLD applicants ponder private auctions, WorldIPreview.com. Published 14 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 gTLD Contention Set Auctions: Private Auction Alternatives, CircleID.com. Published 3 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Here's how Donuts wants to resolve its 158 new gTLD contention fights. Domain Incite. Published 2012 October 23. Retrieved 2012 November 13.
  8. ↑ icann or private auctions Published 3 Jun 13 Retrieved 4 Jun 13
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 [[1]]
  10. ↑ Here's How Donuts Wants To Resolve its 158 Contention Fights, DomainIncite.comPublished 23 Oct 2012, Retrieved 8 Jan 2013
  11. ↑ Applicant Auction in Brief, Cramton.umd.eduPublished 21 Nov 2012, retrieved Jan 7 2013
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cramton Applicant Auction Conference Slides, Cramton.umd.eduRetrieved Jan 7 2013]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rationale for TLD Applicant Auctions to Resolve Strings, CircleId.comPublished 8 Jan 2013, Retrieved 8 Jan 2013
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Contention is Best Settle By Those Who Know the Players Industry, CircleID.com Published Jan 22, Retrieved Jan 24
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Comments by Mike Berkens, Private vs. ICANN Auction of Last Resort, CircleID.comPosted jan 2 2013, Retrieved Jan 7 2013
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 gTLD Contention RightOfTheDot.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  17. ↑ About, RightOfTheDot.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  18. ↑ Sedo Unveils Full Suite Services Launch Promote, BusinessWire.comPublished 10 Oct 2012, Retrieved 7 Jan 2013
  19. ↑ gTLD, Sedo.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  20. ↑ Co Market Report.pdf, Sedo.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  21. ↑ Breaking DOJ says New gTLD Private Auctions Might be Illegal, DomainIncite.com Published 19 March 2013, Retrieved 29 March 2013
  22. ↑ icann or private auctions Published 3 Jun 13 Retrieved 4 Jun 13
  23. ↑ Did Uniregistry Over Sell the Auction Antirust Risk, DomainIncite.comPublished 20 March 2013, Retrieved 29 march 2013
  24. ↑ ICANN, Make a Difference, Slate.com. Published 27 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  25. ↑ Announcement 4 June 2014 ICANN.org; Retrieved 5 June 2014
  26. ↑ Auction Resources ICANN.org; Retrieved 5 June 2014
  27. ↑ icann or private auctions Published 3 Jun 13 Retrieved 4 Jun 13
  28. ↑ Here's How Donuts Wants To Resolve its 158 Contention Fights, DomainIncite.comPublished 23 Oct 2012, Retrieved 8 Jan 2013
  29. ↑ Here's How Donuts Wants To Resolve its 158 Contention Fights, DomainIncite.comPublished 23 Oct 2012, Retrieved 8 Jan 2013
  30. ↑ About, RightOfTheDot.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  31. ↑ Sedo Unveils Full Suite Services Launch Promote, BusinessWire.comPublished 10 Oct 2012, Retrieved 7 Jan 2013
  32. ↑ gTLD, Sedo.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  33. ↑ Co Market Report.pdf, Sedo.comRetrieved 7 Jan 2013
  34. ↑ icann or private auctions Published 3 Jun 13 Retrieved 4 Jun 13
  35. ↑ Did Uniregistry Over Sell the Auction Antirust Risk, DomainIncite.comPublished 20 March 2013, Retrieved 29 march 2013
Retrieved from "https://icannwiki.org/index.php?title=GTLD_Auctions&oldid=96305"