Difference between revisions of "Registrar/zh"

Revision as of 20:45, 28 August 2015

This article is neutral, but is sponsored by Google, an applicant for new gTLDs, among many other things.

ICANNWiki Gold Sponsor

注册商与域名注册局有直接的关系，并有权销售域名。通过互联网名称与数字地址分配机构（ICANN）认证后才能成为注册商，^[1]而这要求他们符合一定的商务和技术要求。

See our list of registrars. 查看我们的注册商清单。

Background

NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS

From 1993 to 1998, Network Solutions (NSI) was the only Registrar and Registry Operator for the .com, .net and .org top level domain names (TLDs), based on a Cooperative Agreement between NSI and the National Science Foundation (NSF).^[2] The Department of Commerce (DOC) extended and amended the Cooperative Agreement with NSI when the contract expired in 1998. Under the new Cooperative Agreement, NSI would continue to serve as a Registry Operator, but would implement a Shared Registry System (SRS) by June 1, 1999, meaning that multiple registrars could be accredited by a new non-profit organization that was to be created to take over the technical management of the DNS. Five new registrars were to be chosen by the new corporation to test the SRS.^[3] The Agreement was modified twice in order to adjust the date of the deployment of the SRS from June 1 to June 25, 1999,^[4] to include a registration fee for new domain names ($9 for one year and $18 for two years), and to include the Registrar License Agreement.^[5]

ICANN的注册商委任政策

1998年11月，商务部正式承认 ICANN为负责DNS技术管理的新的民间非营利组织。其职责包括监督部署和过渡至SRS、开发并执行能够保证注册系统竞争性的注册商委任程序，并且维护互联网的稳定性和安全性。^[6]

1999年3月4日， ICANN 董事会采纳了有关顶级域.com、.net和.org的注册商委任政策申明。在该政策下，希望参与SRS测试平台项目的注册商需要缴纳2500美元的费用，而其他所有注册商申请人需要缴纳1000美元的费用。没有被选为参加测试平台的申请人将进行常规委任。^[7]

SRS测试平台项目的参与者

ICANN从1999年3月11日至4月8日接受了SRS测试平台项目的申请。1999年4月21日，ICANN宣布以下5个注册商已经获选参加测试平台：^[8]

此外，ICANN还宣布了在SRS测试平台项目完成以后将接受委任的其他29家公司的名称。测试平台项目在1999年11月30日结束。将被委任为“测试平台后注册商”的企业名单详见[1]。

ICANN自此后继续接受了注册商委任申请。这里是完整的ICANN 委任注册商名单。

注册服务商委任协议(RAA)

ICANN在2001年3月17日实施了新版注册服务商委任协议（RAA），有效期至2009年3月21日。2009年3月21日再次引入新协议，其中有17处变更。部分变更包括：^[9]

改进的执行工具，以确保完全符合ICANN合同和政策
提高代理商协议的要求
对审计和数据第三方托管的额外要求
为了确保精确联系信息的额外要求
新的通知要求
解约条款

阅读2013 RAA.

注册局和注册商

纵向分离

在美国商务部（DOC）修改了Network Solutions（NSI）的合作协议并且执行注册局共享系统（SRS）时，商务部还增加了一条对NSI合约续约的约束：只要NSI的注册局和注册商业务实现分离，NSI就能自动获得4年的合同续约。此举是为了促进域名空间形成更多的竞争。^[10]

2000年，威瑞信以160亿美元的价格收购了NSI。威瑞信决定将其中的注册商业务以1亿美元的价格出售给Pivotal Private公司，从而专注于其新的注册局业务。^[11]此举让威瑞信获得了与ICANN重新商定其注册局协议的机会。2001年4月16日，有关.com、.net 和.org的修订版注册局协议被采纳。修订后协议的第23条公平对待ICANN委任注册商（Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars）C款规定“注册局运营商不得充当注册局顶级域的注册商。此规定不得妨碍注册局运营商注册符合第24条规定的注册局顶级域中的域名。此规定还不应妨碍注册局运营商子公司（包括全资子公司）成为注册局顶级域的注册商，前提是注册局运营商符合第23（E）的规定。”E款中还规定，注册局运营商必须确保其资产和收益不会被用于保护其附属注册商的利益，而不利于其他委任的注册商竞争者。^[12]

所有权分离，或者说纵向分离，还在所有未赞助的顶级域注册局运营商中执行，以此保持注册商之间的竞争。^[13]

ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation

On November 5, 2010, the ICANN Board passed a resolution allowing the removal of registry-registrar cross-ownership restriction for existing and new gTLDs.^[14] Further explanation on this issue, vertical integration, is available here.

RADAR

ICANN maintains Registrar Contact Information Database, called RADAR, that Registrars can log into to perform Domain Name transfers and other functions.

On 29 May 2014, ICANN announced that a security breach had occurred and RADAR would be taken offline until a review was conducted. Registrar's passwords, usernames, and email addresses may have been accessed. ICANN stated that they had no evidence unauthorized logins had occurred but was resetting all Registrar passwords as precautionary measure.^[15]^[16] ICANN stated the database will be offline for at least two weeks while the organization conducts a security audit of RADAR and other ICANN processes.^[17]

References

External Links

GNSO Registrars' Constituency Mailing List

[1] Registrar Definition

[2] A Brief History of NSF and the Internet

[3] Special Award Conditions NCR-9218742 Amendment No. 11

[4] Amendment Number 12

[5] Amendment Number 13

[6] Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System

[7] Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy

[8] ICANN Names Competitive Domain-Name Registrars

[9] Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System

[10] ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement

[11] VeriSign selling domain registrar business

[12] Revised VeriSign .com Registry Agreement, 16 April 2001

[13] Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001

[14] Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors

[15] RADAR announcement 28 May 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2014

[16] ICANN Registrar Database Hacked, DomainIncite Retrieved 29 May 2014

[17] RADAR to be down at least two weeks, DomainIncite Retrieved 30 May 2014

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 年，[[Verisign|威瑞信]]以160亿美元的价格收购了NSI。威瑞信决定将其中的注册商业务以1亿美元的价格出售给Pivotal Private公司，从而专注于其新的注册局业务。<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-sells-domain-registrar-business-for-100-mln VeriSign selling domain registrar business]</ref>此举让威瑞信获得了与ICANN重新商定其注册局协议的机会。2001年4月16日，有关.com、.net 和.org的修订版注册局协议被采纳。修订后协议的第23条公平对待ICANN委任注册商（Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars）C款规定“注册局运营商不得充当注册局顶级域的注册商。此规定不得妨碍注册局运营商注册符合第24条规定的注册局顶级域中的域名。此规定还不应妨碍注册局运营商子公司（包括全资子公司）成为注册局顶级域的注册商，前提是注册局运营商符合第23（E）的规定。”E款中还规定，注册局运营商必须确保其资产和收益不会被用于保护其附属注册商的利益，而不利于其他委任的注册商竞争者。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign/registry-agmt-com-16apr01-en.htm Revised VeriSign .com Registry Agreement, 16 April 2001]</ref>
-The separation of ownership, or vertical separation, was also implemented to all un-sponsored TLD registry operators to maintain registrar competition.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001]</ref>
+所有权分离，或者说纵向分离，还在所有未赞助的顶级域注册局运营商中执行，以此保持注册商之间的竞争。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001]</ref>
 ===ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation===