Root Zone
Root Zone refers to the highest level of the Domain Name System (DNS) structure. It contains the names and the numeric IP addresses for all the top level domain names such as the gTLDs .com, .net, .org, .jobs, all the country code top level domains (ccTLDs) for example .us, .uk .ph including the entire list of all the root servers.[1]
According to the 2009 report of the Root Scaling Study Team, the DNS root zone is small which contains only 280 delegations of generic, country code and internationalized top level domain names (TLDs and its size is more or less 80,000 bytes. It also changes slowly and absorbs only one minor change per TLD every year.[2]
Root Zone Management Process
The National Telecommunications Information Administration (NTIA), ICANN, Verisign and the Root Server Operators play significant functions in the management process of root zone.
NTIA an agency under the United States Department of Commerce represents the Federal government in a contract entered with ICANN and Verisign which grants the organizations separate functions in managing the performance of the root zone. NTIA is responsible in reviewing and approving whatever changes that needs to be implemented within the root zone.[3]
ICANN is the operator of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IANA which is responsible in the day to day management of DNS root zone. IANA assigns the operators of the top level domain and ensures the maintenance and the administrative details of the TLDs.[4] [5] It is also responsible in the coordination of the Internet Protocol (IP) and Autonomous System (AS) numbers to the Regional Internet Registries (RIR).
Verisign formerly Network Solutions, Inc. serves as root zone administrator under a cooperative agreement entered with the United States government since 1998.
The Root Server Operators' primary role is to make sure that the operations of root zone is always accurate, available, reliable and secure.There are thirteen Root Server Operator in the data base of the root zone which include:[6]
- A - VeriSign Global Registry Services
- B - Information Sciences Institute
- C - Cogent Communications
- D - University of Maryland
- E - NASA Ames Research Center
- F - Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
- G - U.S. DOD Network Information Center
- H - U.S. Army Research Lab
- I - Autonomica/NORDUnet
- J - VeriSign Global Registry Services
- K - RIPE NCC
- L - ICANN
- M - WIDE Project
Root Zone Operational Changes
On February 3, 2009, the ICANN Board enumerated the upcoming operational changes that will be implemented in the DNS root zone such as the addition of IPv6 records to the root, new generic top level domains (gTLDs), new country code Internationalized Domain Names (cc IDNs), IDNs, and the implementation of DNSSEC. In connection to the anticipated root zone operational changes, the Board requested Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) and Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC) to hold a joint study to analyze its impact to the stability and security to the DNS root server system. Furthermore, the Board reques ed both the committees to identify the capacity and scaling of the root server system to be able to solve any technical and operational challenges that might take place when the proposed changes are implemented. Some ICANN senior technical staff will also take part in the study.[7]