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Following a six year development process, [[ICANN]] launched the [[New gTLD Program]] at its Singapore conference in June, 2011. This unlimited expansion program allowed anyone to apply to run nearly any string for the first time in the history of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> On June, 13th, 2012 ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
 
Following a six year development process, [[ICANN]] launched the [[New gTLD Program]] at its Singapore conference in June, 2011. This unlimited expansion program allowed anyone to apply to run nearly any string for the first time in the history of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> On June, 13th, 2012 ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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=Chinese version of this page/本页中文版=
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===顶级域===
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'''顶级域'''('''顶级域''',有时也称为'''字符串''')指的是位于一个域名最后的部分,比如,[[.com]]、 [[.net]]、[[.us]]、[[.info]]等等。<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp TLD]</ref> 每一个顶级域都由一个单独的[[Registry|注册局]]管理。
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==顶级域的种类==
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顶级域可以分为不同的类型。
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* [[gTLD|通用顶级域]],其中包括[[sTLD|赞助类顶级域]] 和[[brand TLD|品牌类顶级域]]。
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* [[ccTLD|国家代码顶级域 ]]
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* [[geoTLD|地理类顶级域]]
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上述顶级域的运作方式各不相同,但是可以通过一些简单的途径进行归类:
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* 运作模式:
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** 开放型 – 运作并且提供注册和解析服务
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** 封闭型 – 不接受注册,可以解析遗产/基础设施类子域名。
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* 限制的级别:
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** 无限制类– 如果不需要满足任何条件就可以注册一个顶级域下的域名时,这样的顶级域称为无限制顶级域。
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** 限制类 – 要求具有本地物理地址,本地税号或符合其他特定条件才能注册域名的顶级域。
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** 赞助类 – 是限制类顶级域的一个变体,申请[[STLD|赞助类顶级域]]中域名的申请人必须符合该顶级域的要求(比如,[[.jobs]]会要求人力资源的参与,[[.travel]]会要求必须符合特定的旅行条件等等)
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==历史==
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在20世纪80年代初期,随着互联网在学术界的普及,人们对分层式[[DNS|域名系统]]的需求开始凸显,并最终形成了一个分散式的互联网。[[The Stanford Research Institute NIC|斯坦福研究所网络信息中心]]与其他机构的沟通中包含了创建一个分层式[[DNS|域名系统]]的计划,内容可以参考1982年形成的一份团体文件[http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805]。文件中概括了许多形成最终[[DNS|域名系统]]的基本要素,包括要求创建[[TLD|顶级域]]从而形成查询的固定起始点,以及形成独特[[SLD|赞助类顶级域]]的要求。由此也促使形成一个[[registrar|注册商]]类型的行政机构,也让初期的IT社区意识到将每个域名的责任分配到单个的域名服务器所具有的管理优势。<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>
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===改革===
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在2009年的首尔会议中,[[ICANN|互联网名称与数字地址分配机构(ICANN)]]批准了[[CcTLD|国家代码顶级域]] [[IDN|国际化域名]]的快速跟踪流程,从而允许国家代码顶级域中可以使用非拉丁字符。俄罗斯、埃及、沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋是首批进行申请和执行的国家。<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>
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经过6年的开发以后,[[ICANN]]在2011年6月的新加坡会议中推出了[[New gTLD Program|新通用顶级域项目]]。这个无限制的扩展项目在互联网历史中首次允许所有人申请运作几乎所有的字符串。.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> 2012年6月13日(揭晓日),其宣布共有1,930申请:其中有84份为[[Community gTLD|社区申请]],116份为针对[[IDN|国际化域名]]的申请,还有230份申请拥有一名或多名申请人,因此需要通过[[String Contention|字符串争用]]进行解决。这意味着“新通用顶级域项目”的首轮扩展将最多产生1,409个新通用顶级域。<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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''Chinese translation of this page provided thanks to [[TLD Registry]] Ltd.''
    
==References==
 
==References==
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__NOTOC__
 
__NOTOC__
 
[[Category: Glossary]]
 
[[Category: Glossary]]
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[[Category:Articles with Chinese]]
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