Changes

在美国[[DOC|商务部]]（DOC）修改了[[Network Solutions]]（NSI）的合作协议并且执行[[SRS|注册局共享系统]]（SRS）时，商务部还增加了一条对NSI合约续约的约束：只要NSI的[[Registry|注册局]]和注册商业务实现分离，NSI就能自动获得4年的合同续约。此举是为了促进域名空间形成更多的竞争。<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement]</ref>

在美国[[DOC|商务部]]（DOC）修改了[[Network Solutions]]（NSI）的合作协议并且执行[[SRS|注册局共享系统]]（SRS）时，商务部还增加了一条对NSI合约续约的约束：只要NSI的[[Registry|注册局]]和注册商业务实现分离，NSI就能自动获得4年的合同续约。此举是为了促进域名空间形成更多的竞争。<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement]</ref>

In 2000, [[Verisign]] purchased Network Solutions for $16 billion. Verisign decided to sell the registrar business to Pivotal Private for $100 million in order to concentrate on its new registry business.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-sells-domain-registrar-business-for-100-mln VeriSign selling domain registrar business]</ref> This move enabled Verisign to re-negotiate its registry agreement with ICANN. On April 16, 2001, a Revised Registry Agreement for .com, .net and .org was adopted. Number 23 (C) Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars on the revised agreement stipulated, "Registry Operator shall not act as a registrar with respect to the Registry TLD. This shall not preclude Registry Operator from registering names within the domain of the Registry TLD in compliance with Section 24. This also shall not preclude an affiliate (including wholly-owned subsidiaries) of Registry Operator from acting as a registrar with respect to the Registry TLD, provided that Registry Operator complies with the provisions of Subsection 23(E)." Sub-section E also stated that Registry Operators must ensure that their assets and revenues would not be utilized to advance the interests of their affiliate registrars against other accredited competitor registrars.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign/registry-agmt-com-16apr01-en.htm Revised VeriSign .com Registry Agreement, 16 April 2001]</ref>  

2000年，[[Verisign|威瑞信]]以160亿美元的价格收购了NSI。威瑞信决定将其中的注册商业务以1亿美元的价格出售给Pivotal Private公司，从而专注于其新的注册局业务。<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-sells-domain-registrar-business-for-100-mln VeriSign selling domain registrar business]</ref>此举让威瑞信获得了与ICANN重新商定其注册局协议的机会。2001年4月16日，有关.com、.net 和.org的修订版注册局协议被采纳。修订后协议的第23条公平对待ICANN委任注册商（Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars）C款规定“注册局运营商不得充当注册局顶级域的注册商。此规定不得妨碍注册局运营商注册符合第24条规定的注册局顶级域中的域名。此规定还不应妨碍注册局运营商子公司（包括全资子公司）成为注册局顶级域的注册商，前提是注册局运营商符合第23（E）的规定。”E款中还规定，注册局运营商必须确保其资产和收益不会被用于保护其附属注册商的利益，而不利于其他委任的注册商竞争者。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign/registry-agmt-com-16apr01-en.htm Revised VeriSign .com Registry Agreement, 16 April 2001]</ref>  

The separation of ownership, or vertical separation, was also implemented to all un-sponsored TLD registry operators to maintain registrar competition.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001]</ref>

所有权分离，或者说纵向分离，还在所有未赞助的顶级域注册局运营商中执行，以此保持注册商之间的竞争。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001]</ref>

===ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation===

=== ICANN对纵向分离的政策转变===

On November 5, 2010, the [[ICANN Board]] passed a resolution allowing the removal of registry-registrar cross-ownership restriction for existing and new gTLDs.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors]</ref> Further explanation on this issue, vertical integration, is available [[Vertical Integration|here]].

2010年11月5日，[[ICANN Board|ICANN董事会]]通过了一项决议，允许取消现有的和新通用顶级域的注册局-注册商交叉所有权限制。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors]</ref>对纵向整合的进一步解释，详见[[Vertical Integration|这里]]。

==RADAR==

==RADAR==

ICANN maintains Registrar Contact Information Database, called RADAR, that Registrars can log into to perform [[Domain Name]] transfers and other functions.

ICANN负责维护注册商联系信息数据库，即RADAR，注册商登录该数据库后可以实现[[Domain Name| 域名]]转让和其他功能。

On 29 May 2014, ICANN announced that a security breach had occurred and RADAR would be taken offline until a review was conducted. Registrar's passwords, usernames, and email addresses may have been accessed. ICANN stated that they had no evidence unauthorized logins had occurred but was resetting all Registrar passwords as precautionary measure.<ref>[https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2014-05-28-en RADAR announcement 28 May 2014] Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref><ref>[http://domainincite.com/16738-icann-registrar-database-hacked ICANN Registrar Database Hacked, DomainIncite] Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref> ICANN stated the database will be offline for at least two weeks while the organization conducts a security audit of RADAR and other ICANN processes.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/16756-radar-to-be-down-at-least-two-weeks-after-hack RADAR to be down at least two weeks, DomainIncite] Retrieved 30 May 2014</ref>  

2014年5月29日，ICANN宣布出现了安全漏洞，RADAR将下线，直至检查完成。注册商的密码、用户名和电子邮箱可能已经被访问。ICANN声明说，没有证据表明有未经授权登录的情况出现，但是作为预防措施，他们正在重置所有的注册商密码。<ref>[https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2014-05-28-en RADAR announcement 28 May 2014] Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref><ref>[http://domainincite.com/16738-icann-registrar-database-hacked ICANN Registrar Database Hacked, DomainIncite] Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref> ICANN表示，在其对RADAR进行安全审查以及进行其他ICANN流程期间，该数据库将下线至少两周。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/16756-radar-to-be-down-at-least-two-weeks-after-hack RADAR to be down at least two weeks, DomainIncite] Retrieved 30 May 2014</ref>

 

==References==

==References==