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Line 37: − + − On June 17, 2011, the Information Society and Media Directorate General of the [[European Commission]] (EC) submitted a non-paper regarding ICANN's proposed full removal of the vertical separation to the ICANN Board. Copies were furnished to the U.S. [[NTIA]] Assistant Secretary [[Larry Strickling]] and to Assistant Attorney General Christine Varney of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division. The EC cited some issues and recommendations, which include:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/eu-to-icann-17jun11-en.pdf Removal of Vertical Separation Between registries and Registrars for New and Existing gTLDs]</ref>+ − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + Line 51:
Line 58: − + − In connection with the implementation of [[New gTLD Program|new gTLDs]], ICANN designed a new program known as '''Emergency Back-up Registry Operators''' (EBEROs) to ensure the safety and security of the [[DNS|domain name system]]. EBEROs are to be activated in circumstances wherein a new registry operator needs help to maintain critical functions for a period or time or during transition from one registry operator to another. A Request for Proposal (RFP) was issued by ICANN to solicit applications from entities interested to serve as EBEROs on September 14, 2011.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-14sep11-en.htm Safe and Secure New gTLDs: ICANN Seeks Back-up Registry Operators | (Emergency Back-End Registry Operators or "EBEROs")]</ref>+ + + + + + + − ==gTLD Registry Continuity Framework==+ − ICANN partnered with expert [[gTLD]] & [[ccTLD]] registries as well as members of the technical community in developing a gTLD Registry Continuity Framework, which aims to protect existing registrants and to ensure confidence in the DNS. Core ICANN values served as guidelines in developing the framework, which aims to:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registries/continuity gTLD Registry Continuity]</ref> − * Maintain and develop the operational stability, reliability, security, and global interoperability of the Internet. − * Apply documented policies neutrally, objectively with integrity and fairness in decision making. − * Be responsive and speedy in taking actions to resolve the needs of the Internet community and obtain informed input from affected entities during the decision making process. − ICANN's Timeline for its Continuity Initiatives is available [http://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/unmanaged/images/continuity-efforts-timeline-2009-2010-03feb10-en.png '''here''']+
Created page with "ICANN连续性构架的方案时间表[http://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/unmanaged/images/continuity-efforts-timeline-2009-2010-03feb10-en.png ''详见这里'']。 ''C..."
# ICANN可以修订合同以解决由于交叉所有权新规直接或间接引起的损害。
# ICANN可以修订合同以解决由于交叉所有权新规直接或间接引起的损害。
===EC Concerns Over the Full Removal of Vertical Separation===
===欧洲委员会对完全取消纵向分离的担忧===
2011年6月17日，[[European Commission| 欧洲委员会]]（EC）的信息社会和媒体总局向ICANN董事会提交了一份关于ICANN提议完全取消纵向分离的非正式文件。副本提交给了美国 [[NTIA|国家电信和信息管理局]]的助理秘书[[Larry Strickling]] 以及司法部反垄断局的司法部长助理Christine Varney。EC提出了若干问题和建议，其中包括：<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/eu-to-icann-17jun11-en.pdf Removal of Vertical Separation Between registries and Registrars for New and Existing gTLDs]</ref>
* Vertical separation provides a balanced playing field for competition between registrars. The absence of expert advice to remove vertical separation and stakeholders consensus shows that the move may be premature and might result in negative market output for consumers.
* Vertical Integration might harm competition. The European Commission cited the CRA International Report of 2008, which emphasized the risk of vertical integration wherein registries may discriminate independent registrars by lowering prices and providing better registry services to their affiliate registrars.
* 纵向分离为注册商之间提供了一个公正的竞技场。在没有专家建议和缺乏股东共识的情况下取消纵向分离可能为时过早，并且还可能给消费者带来负面的市场效应。
* ICANN does not have sufficient data to support the full removal of vertical separation.
* 纵向整合可能会损害竞争。欧洲委员会援引了2008年的查尔斯河国际报告，其中强调了纵向整合将导致的风险，报告认为纵向整合会导致注册局通过向其附属注册商降低价格和提供更优质的注册局服务从而区别对待独立注册商。
* A consensus on the issue within the [[GNSO]] and internet stakeholders is lacking.
* ICANN没有足够的数据支持其完全取消纵向分离的决策。
* The procedural approach of ICANN to refer an application to relevant antitrust authorities for "expert analysis and ante determination" overlooks the fact that competition authorities have limited powers in implementing rules, which is based on a case to case market analysis. ICANN did not clearly identify specific laws that will serve as basis of its jurisdiction to determine if there are concerns regarding competition. Referral to competition authorities depends on ICANN's discretion.
*在[[GNSO|通用名称支持组织]]和互联网利益相关者之间缺乏对该问题的共识。
* ICANN将申请递交给相关反垄断当局寻求“专家分析和反垄断判定”的程序式方法忽略了一个事实，那就是竞争管理机构执行规则的权力有限，因为它是基于个案市场分析的基础之上。ICANN没有明确指出将作为其竞争问题判定基础的详细法律条款。是否提交竞争管理机构只取决于ICANN的判断。
因此，EC建议ICANN重新考虑其执行完全取消注册局和注册商纵向分离的决定，并且遵循以下建议：
#针对当前域名市场的形式实施独立的经济和法律专家研究，并评估现有限制条件对纵向整合的影响。部分取消或完全取消限制对创新及消费者产生的影响。
#提供关于注册局和注册商当前竞争程度和交叉所有权的新市场数据。
#提供支持ICANN完全取消纵向分离决定的数据和文件。
#针对EC提出的每个关注点给出解释。
Thus, The EC encouraged ICANN to reconsider decision to implement the full removal of vertical separation of registries and registrars and to follow these suggestions:
Thus, The EC encouraged ICANN to reconsider decision to implement the full removal of vertical separation of registries and registrars and to follow these suggestions:
# Provide comments regarding the procedural concerns raised by EC.
# Provide comments regarding the procedural concerns raised by EC.
==Emergency Back-up Registry Operators (EBEROs)==
==后方紧急注册管理执行机构（EBERO）==
ICANN为[[New gTLD Program|新通用顶级域]]的实施设计了一个名为'''后方紧急注册管理执行机构'''（EBERO）的新项目，以确保[[DNS|域名系统]]的安全和保障。当一个新的注册局运营者在某个时期或一段时间或在从一个注册局运营者过渡到另一个注册局运营者期间需要帮助以维护重要功能时，EBERO将被激活。ICANN在2011年9月14日发出了一个征求建议书（RFP），寻求有意申请成为EBERO的实体。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-14sep11-en.htm Safe and Secure New gTLDs: ICANN Seeks Back-up Registry Operators | (Emergency Back-End Registry Operators or "EBEROs")]</ref>
==通用顶级域注册局连续性构架==
ICANN与[[gTLD|通用顶级域]]及[[CcTLD|国家代码顶级域名]]的专家注册局以及技术社区的成员合作开发了一个通用顶级域注册局连续性构架，旨在保护现有注册人并且确保公众对域名系统（DNS）的信任。ICANN核心价值观是开发该构架的指导方针，其目的是：<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registries/continuity gTLD Registry Continuity]</ref>
* 维护并开发互联网的运行稳定性、可靠性、安全性和全球互用性。
* 在制定决策时中立、客观地运用已成文的政策，保持完整性和公平。
* 应答并快速采取行动从而解决互联网社区的需求，并且在决策制定过程中从受影响的实体获得知情信息。
ICANN连续性构架的方案时间表[http://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/unmanaged/images/continuity-efforts-timeline-2009-2010-03feb10-en.png ''详见这里'']。
''Chinese translation of this page provided thanks to [[TLD Registry]] Ltd.''