Top-Level Domain: Difference between revisions

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The [[Domain Name System|domain name system]] allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is the '''top-level domain (TLD)'''. Every TLD is managed by a single registry.

The [[Domain Name System|domain name system]] allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is the '''top-level domain (TLD)'''. Every TLD is managed by a single [[:Category:Registries|registry]].

~~A central part of~~ [[IANA]]'s function is to establish baseline standards for eligible TLDs. These standards are largely unchanged since the inception of ICANN, and are based on Jon Postel's [[RFC 1591]].<ref>[https://www.iana.org/domains/root IANA.org - Root Zone Management]</ref> A central value of the Internet, and organizations dedicated to its maintenance, is the stability and security of the root zone; as a result, the policies and principles memorialized in RFC 1591 are largely followed today.<ref>See, for example, the Internet Society's [https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/ IANA Timeline], covering the development of the RFC in 1994, and the subsequent "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains," drafted by Postel in 1996.</ref><ref name="rfc1591">[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591 IETF.org - RFC 1591]</ref><ref name="iana01">[https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01 IETF.org - IANA-ITLD-Admin-01]</ref>

[[IANA]] currently lists the following eligible categories of TLDs:<ref>[https://www.iana.org/help/eligible-tlds IANA.org - Eligible TLD strings]</ref>

~~IANA~~ currently lists the following eligible categories of TLDs:<ref>[https://www.iana.org/help/eligible-tlds IANA.org - Eligible TLD strings]</ref>

*Approved [[Generic Top Level Domain|generic TLDs]];

*Two-letter country codes based on the [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-two code ([[ccTLD|country code top level domains]]);

*[[IDN Fast Track]] approved strings;

*Strings eligible ~~under~~ under ICANN Board Resolution 00.74 (currently this category applies to only one domain, .eu);<ref>[https://features.icann.org/2000-09-25-delegation-cctlds ICANN - Board Resolution on the Delegation of ccTLDs]</ref>

*Strings eligible under ICANN Board Resolution 00.74 (currently this category applies to only one domain, .eu);<ref>[https://features.icann.org/2000-09-25-delegation-cctlds ICANN - Board Resolution on the Delegation of ccTLDs]</ref>

*"Grandfathered" TLDs from prior to 2000, based on "exceptionally reserved" codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard (this category currently applies to two TLDs - .uk and .ac);

*Infrastructure domain (.ARPA); and

*Test domains, per ICANN Board Resolution 07.47 (eleven such domains have been delegated thus far)<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/resolutions-2007-06-29-en ICANN.org - Board Resolutions Adopted June 29, 2006]</ref>

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| November 3, 1988 || [[.int]] || Limited; sponsored || For organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations || In response to a request by NATO

|-

~~| 1998 || -- || -- || -- || Domain deregulation; [[ICANN]] is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers~~

|-

| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || one of the original TLDs, .arpa ~~was~~ re-designated at this time as an Address and Routing Parameter Area, critical to maintaining the [[SSR| stability of the Internet]]

| March 1994 || || || || [[Jon Postel]]'s [[RFC 1591]] establishes the baseline standards for eligible TLDs.

|-

| 1996 || || || || Jon Postel drafts "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains"

|-

| 1998 || || || || Domain deregulation; [[ICANN]] is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers

|-

| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || one of the original TLDs, .arpa is re-designated at this time as an Address and Routing Parameter Area, critical to maintaining the [[SSR| stability of the Internet]]

|-

| November 16, 2000 || [[.aero]], [[.biz]], [[.coop]], [[.info]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]] || Sponsored gTLDs || ||

|-

| ~~2005-2007~~ || ~~[[.cat]], [[.eu]], [[.asia]]~~|| ~~Sponsored~~ [[~~geoTLD|specifically for a cultural, ethnic, or regional group~~]] || Represents Catalan language and culture, the countries in the European Union, and the Asian continent, respectively || The first TLDs to denote geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, social, or cultural representation

| June 29, 2006 || || Test domains || per [[ICANN Board]] Resolution 07.47 || eleven such domains have been delegated thus far

|-

| 2007 || [[.cat]], [[.eu]], [[.asia]]|| Sponsored [[geoTLD|specifically for a cultural, ethnic, or regional group]] || Represents Catalan language and culture, the countries in the European Union, and the Asian continent, respectively || The first TLDs to denote geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, social, or cultural representation

|-

| October 30, 2009 || || || || [[IDN ccTLD]] [[IDN Fast Track|Fast Track Process]] is approved by the [[ICANN Board]]

|-

| || [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || limited to entities having something to do with the phrase comprising the TLD in question ||

|-

|May 5, 2010 || [[مصر]] [[السعودية]] [[امارات]] || [[IDN ccTLD]]s || From right to left, for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates || For the first time in the history of the Internet, non-Latin characters are being used for top-level domains

|-

| April 2011 || [[.xxx]] || Sponsored gTLD || || [[ICM Registry]] had submitted proposals for this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The [[Domain Name System|domain name system]] allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is the '''top-level domain (TLD)'''. Every TLD is managed by a single registry.
+The [[Domain Name System|domain name system]] allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is the '''top-level domain (TLD)'''. Every TLD is managed by a single [[:Category:Registries|registry]].
-A central part of [[IANA]]'s function is to establish baseline standards for eligible TLDs. These standards are largely unchanged since the inception of ICANN, and are based on Jon Postel's [[RFC 1591]].<ref>[https://www.iana.org/domains/root IANA.org - Root Zone Management]</ref> A central value of the Internet, and organizations dedicated to its maintenance, is the stability and security of the root zone; as a result, the policies and principles memorialized in RFC 1591 are largely followed today.<ref>See, for example, the Internet Society's [https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/ IANA Timeline], covering the development of the RFC in 1994, and the subsequent "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains," drafted by Postel in 1996.</ref><ref name="rfc1591">[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591 IETF.org - RFC 1591]</ref><ref name="iana01">[https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01 IETF.org - IANA-ITLD-Admin-01]</ref>
+[[IANA]] currently lists the following eligible categories of TLDs:<ref>[https://www.iana.org/help/eligible-tlds IANA.org - Eligible TLD strings]</ref>
-IANA currently lists the following eligible categories of TLDs:<ref>[https://www.iana.org/help/eligible-tlds IANA.org - Eligible TLD strings]</ref>
 *Approved [[Generic Top Level Domain|generic TLDs]];
 *Two-letter country codes based on the [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-two code ([[ccTLD|country code top level domains]]);
 *[[IDN Fast Track]] approved strings;
-*Strings eligible under under ICANN Board Resolution 00.74 (currently this category applies to only one domain, .eu);<ref>[https://features.icann.org/2000-09-25-delegation-cctlds ICANN - Board Resolution on the Delegation of ccTLDs]</ref>
+*Strings eligible under ICANN Board Resolution 00.74 (currently this category applies to only one domain, .eu);<ref>[https://features.icann.org/2000-09-25-delegation-cctlds ICANN - Board Resolution on the Delegation of ccTLDs]</ref>
 *"Grandfathered" TLDs from prior to 2000, based on "exceptionally reserved" codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard (this category currently applies to two TLDs - .uk and .ac);
 *Infrastructure domain (.ARPA); and
-*Test domains, per ICANN Board Resolution 07.47 (eleven such domains have been delegated thus far)<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/resolutions-2007-06-29-en ICANN.org - Board Resolutions Adopted June 29, 2006]</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 27: @@
 | November 3, 1988 || [[.int]]  || Limited; sponsored || For organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations || In response to a request by NATO
 |-
-| 1998 || -- || -- || -- || Domain deregulation; [[ICANN]] is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers
 |-
-| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || one of the original TLDs, .arpa was re-designated at this time as an Address and Routing Parameter Area, critical to maintaining the [[SSR| stability of the Internet]]
+| March 1994 || || || || [[Jon Postel]]'s [[RFC 1591]] establishes the baseline standards for eligible TLDs.
+|-
+| 1996 || || || || Jon Postel drafts "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains"
+|-
+| 1998 || || || || Domain deregulation; [[ICANN]] is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers
+|-
+| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || one of the original TLDs, .arpa is re-designated at this time as an Address and Routing Parameter Area, critical to maintaining the [[SSR| stability of the Internet]]
 |-
 | November 16, 2000 || [[.aero]], [[.biz]], [[.coop]], [[.info]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]] || Sponsored gTLDs ||  ||
 |-
-| 2005-2007 || [[.cat]], [[.eu]], [[.asia]]|| Sponsored [[geoTLD|specifically for a cultural, ethnic, or regional group]] || Represents Catalan language and culture, the countries in the European Union, and the Asian continent, respectively || The first TLDs to denote geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, social, or cultural representation
+| June 29, 2006 || || Test domains || per [[ICANN Board]] Resolution 07.47 || eleven such domains have been delegated thus far
 |-
+| 2007 || [[.cat]], [[.eu]], [[.asia]]|| Sponsored [[geoTLD|specifically for a cultural, ethnic, or regional group]] || Represents Catalan language and culture, the countries in the European Union, and the Asian continent, respectively || The first TLDs to denote geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, social, or cultural representation
+|-
+| October 30, 2009 || || || || [[IDN ccTLD]] [[IDN Fast Track|Fast Track Process]] is approved by the [[ICANN Board]]
+|-
 | || [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || limited to entities having something to do with the phrase comprising the TLD in question ||
+|-
+|May 5, 2010 || [[مصر]] [[السعودية]] [[امارات]] || [[IDN ccTLD]]s || From right to left, for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates || For the first time in the history of the Internet, non-Latin characters are being used for top-level domains
 |-
 | April 2011 || [[.xxx]] || Sponsored gTLD ||  || [[ICM Registry]] had submitted proposals for this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000