Changes

===Early International Expansion===

===Early International Expansion===

AT&T started to expand internationally by supplying equipment to other telephone companies through its manufacturing subsidiary, the Western Electric Company, and its affiliates around the world. By 1914, AT&T's manufacturing subsidiary established locations in Antwerp, London, Berlin, Milan, Paris, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Budapest, Tokyo, Montreal, Buenos Aires, and Sydney.<ref>[http://www.corp.att.com/history/history2.html A Brief History: Early International Activity]</ref> Beginning in 1925, the new AT&T President Walter Gifford gave up the company's manufacturing business, including its international locations except those in Canada, and pursued the company's objective to provide a universal telephone service in the United States. The company also established its research and development subsidiary, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. By 1927, AT&T successfully launched its first trans-atlantic telephone service from US to London using radio, which cost $75, while the trans-pacific telephone service between US to Japan was realized in 1934 at $39 for the first three minutes respectively. Both international telephone services were only able to accommodate one call at a time. The company's "TAT-1," the first trans-atlantic telephone cable, was launched in 1956. It had the capacity to accommodate 12 calls at a time and price was set at $12 for the first three minutes. Subsequently, in 1964, the first submarine telephone cable, "TPC-1," was inaugurated. In 1965, the world's first electronic switch was installed. The national emergency call number 911 was also introduced during that year. During the 1970s, international long distance call customer dialing was introduced to the public, AT&T's network became computerized and had the initial capacity to handle a high volume of calls, as many as 350,000 per hour. Since then, AT&T has continued to expand its telecommunications service globally.<ref>[http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones.html Milestones In AT&T History]</ref>

AT&T started to expand internationally by supplying equipment to other telephone companies through its manufacturing subsidiary, the Western Electric Company, and its affiliates around the world. By 1914, AT&T's manufacturing subsidiary established locations in Antwerp, London, Berlin, Milan, Paris, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Budapest, Tokyo, Montreal, Buenos Aires, and Sydney.<ref>[http://www.corp.att.com/history/history2.html A Brief History: Early International Activity]</ref> Beginning in 1925, the new AT&T President Walter Gifford gave up the company's manufacturing business, including its international locations except those in Canada, and pursued the company's objective to provide a universal telephone service in the United States. The company also established its research and development subsidiary, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. By 1927, AT&T successfully launched its first trans-atlantic telephone service from US to London using radio, which cost $75, while the trans-pacific telephone service between US to Japan was realized in 1934 at $39 for the first three minutes respectively. Both international telephone services were only able to accommodate one call at a time. The company's "TAT-1," the first trans-atlantic telephone cable, was launched in 1956. It had the capacity to accommodate 12 calls at a time and price was set at $12 for the first three minutes. In 1964, the first submarine telephone cable, "TPC-1," was inaugurated. In 1965, the world's first electronic switch was installed. The national emergency call number 911 was also introduced during that year. During the 1970s, international long distance call customer dialing was introduced to the public, and AT&T's network became computerized and had the initial capacity to handle a high volume of calls, as many as 350,000 per hour. Since then, AT&T has continued to expand its telecommunications service globally.<ref>[http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones.html Milestones In AT&T History]</ref>

===The Bell System Divestiture===

===The Bell System Divestiture===

In 1974, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an anti-trust lawsuit against AT&T alleging the company with monopoly and conspiracy to monopolize the entire telecommunications industry, both equipment and services. AT&T denied the allegations and fought the case for five years in court, lobbying Congress to conduct hearings and amend the 1934 Communications Act which created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), an independent regulatory body which conducted a full scale investigation of the telephone industry. The agency also implemented regulations to increase competition. In 1979, Charles L. Brown, then Chairman of AT&T, admitted that the company was prosperous in terms of revenue and and it had developed new technologies, but the company was facing difficulties in pursuing its business operations and implementing its new technologies because of legal battles and regulations, in particular the U.S. antitrust lawsuit. In 1982, Brown initiated a settlement agreement with the Department of Justice through U.S. Attorney General William Baxter.<ref>[http://www.porticus.org/bell/decisiontodivest.html The Decision to Divest,Incredible or Inevitable?]</ref> Both parties reached a settlement agreement January 8, 1982. AT&T agreed to divest the 22 Bell operating companies. In return, the DOJ dissolved the 1956 Consent Decree which limited the business operations of AT&T to common-carrier communications service, to license its inventions to all interested parties and its manufacturing subsidiary, the Western Electric will only manufacture equipment for the use of Bell operating companies. The Divestiture which took effect on January 1, 1984 dissolved the Bell System. <ref>[http://www.porticus.org/bell/bellsystem_history.html Divestiture and Restructuring -The End of the Bell System]</ref> Its 22 local operating companies were divided into seven independent companies to handle the regional telephone services in the United States. The seven independent companies include: Bell South, Bell Atlantic, NYNEX, American Information Technologies, Southwestern Bell, US West, and Pacific Telesis.

In 1974, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an anti-trust lawsuit against AT&T alleging the company with monopoly and conspiracy to monopolize the entire telecommunications industry, both equipment and services. AT&T denied the allegations and fought the case for five years in court, lobbying Congress to conduct hearings and amend the 1934 Communications Act which created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), an independent regulatory body that conducted a full scale investigation of the telephone industry and implemented regulations to increase competition. In 1979, Charles L. Brown, then Chairman of AT&T, admitted that the company was prosperous in terms of revenue and and it had developed new technologies, but the company was facing difficulties in pursuing its business operations and implementing its new technologies because of legal battles and regulations, in particular the U.S. antitrust lawsuit. In 1982, Brown initiated a settlement agreement with the Department of Justice through U.S. Attorney General William Baxter.<ref>[http://www.porticus.org/bell/decisiontodivest.html The Decision to Divest,Incredible or Inevitable?]</ref> Both parties reached a settlement agreement January 8, 1982. AT&T agreed to divest the 22 Bell operating companies. In return, the DOJ dissolved the 1956 Consent Decree which had limited AT&T's business operations to common-carrier communications services, forced it to license its inventions to all interested parties, and limited its manufacturing subsidiary, the Western Electric, to manufacture equipment only for the use of Bell operating companies. The divestiture, which took effect on January 1, 1984, dissolved the Bell System.<ref>[http://www.porticus.org/bell/bellsystem_history.html Divestiture and Restructuring - The End of the Bell System]</ref> Its 22 local operating companies were divided into seven independent companies to handle the regional telephone services in the United States. The seven independent companies include: Bell South, Bell Atlantic, NYNEX, American Information Technologies, Southwestern Bell, US West, and Pacific Telesis.

===The New AT&T===

===The New AT&T===