Changes

A '''Country Code Top-Level Domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is a two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>

|link = http://icannwiki.com/index.php/.CO_Internet_S.A.S.

 

'''Country Code Top-Level Domains''' ('''ccTLDs''') are two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>

==Implementation==

==Implementation==

The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]]. The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within RFC 1951. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>

The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]] which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of [[ICANN]].<ref>[https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/january-2022/what-are-country-code-top-level-domains-and-why-do-they-matter Who created ccTLDs?]</ref> The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt RFC 1591]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>

===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs===

===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs===

The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.

The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.

Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as: the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>

Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as: the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en White Paper, 2/25/2012, ICANN Resources]</ref>

In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>

In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>

==Open ccTLDs==

==Open ccTLDs==

An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally  represent a particular branding aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>

An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally  represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>  

===.cc and .tv===

===.cc and .tv===

<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td>  

<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td>  

<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands landskapsregering]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands Landskapsregeringen]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraDNS]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraNS]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS Belgium]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td>  

<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS Belgium]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td>  

<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCE]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCEP]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[NIC.dz]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[NIC.dz]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[[NIC.EC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[https://nic.ec ECUADORDOMAIN S.A.]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[Estonian Internet Foundation]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td>  

<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[Estonian Internet Foundation]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td>  

<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td>  

<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td>  

<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>Limited to Finnish companies and citizens, abroad or domestic</td>  

<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>Registration is available to everyone all around the world</td>  

<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kr]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td>  

<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td>  

<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory Inc|Gauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[PNINA|Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[PNINA|Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[DNS.PT]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[DNS.PT]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sx]]</td><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>[[SX Registry]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sx]]</td><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>[[SX Registry]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sy]]</td><td>Syria</td><td>[[NANS]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sy]]</td><td>Syria</td><td>[[NANS]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sz]]</td><td>Swaziland</td><td>[[University of Swaziland Department of Computer Science]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.sz]]</td><td>Swaziland</td><td>[[SISPA]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tc]]</td><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>[[MelrexTC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tc]]</td><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>[[MelrexTC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.td]]</td><td>Chad</td><td>[[Sotel Tchad]]</td><td>Restricted to entities connected with Chad</td>  

<tr><td>[[.td]]</td><td>Chad</td><td>[[Sotel Tchad]]</td><td>Restricted to entities connected with Chad</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tf]]</td><td>French Southern Territories</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tf]]</td><td>French Southern Territories</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tg]]</td><td>Togo</td><td>[[Cafe Informatique et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tg]]</td><td>Togo</td><td>[[C.A.F.E. Informatique et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.th]]</td><td>Thailand</td><td>[[THNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.th]]</td><td>Thailand</td><td>[[THNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tj]]</td><td>Tajikistan</td><td>[[Information Technology Center]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tj]]</td><td>Tajikistan</td><td>[[Information Technology Center]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tl]]</td><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>[[Ministry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division]]</td><td> Old code, [[.tp]], still also in use</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tl]]</td><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>[[Ministry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division]]</td><td> Old code, [[.tp]], still also in use</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tm]]</td><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>[[TM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tm]]</td><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>[[TM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tn]]</td><td>Tunisia</td><td>[[Agence Tunisienne d'Internet]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.tn]]</td><td>Tunisia</td><td>[[Tunisia Telecommunications Agency ATI]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.to]]</td><td>Tonga</td><td>[[Government of the Kingdom of Tonga]]</td><td>Unofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo</td>  

<tr><td>[[.to]]</td><td>Tonga</td><td>[[Government of the Kingdom of Tonga]]</td><td>Unofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tp]]</td><td>Portuguese Timor</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.tl]]</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tp]]</td><td>Portuguese Timor</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.tl]]</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tz]]</td><td>Tanzania</td><td>[[TzNIC]]</td><td>Presence within Tanzania required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.tz]]</td><td>Tanzania</td><td>[[TzNIC]]</td><td>Presence within Tanzania required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.ua]]</td><td>Ukraine</td><td>[[Hostmaster LTD]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ua]]</td><td>Ukraine</td><td>[[Hostmaster LTD]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ug]]</td><td>Uganda</td><td>[[I3C: Infinity Computers & Communications Company]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.ug]]</td><td>Uganda</td><td>[[Charles Musisi]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.uk]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>[[Nominet]]</td><td>UK service address required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.uk]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>[[Nominet]]</td><td>UK service address required</td>  

<tr><td>[[.um]]</td><td>United States Minor Outlying Islands</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  

<tr><td>[[.um]]</td><td>United States Minor Outlying Islands</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  

<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[Ministry of Information and Communications of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[VNNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.yt]]</td><td>Mayote</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.yt]]</td><td>Mayote</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.za]]</td><td>South Africa</td><td>[[ZADNA]]</td><td></td>  

<tr><td>[[.za]]</td><td>South Africa</td><td>[[ZADNA]]</td><td></td>  

</table>

</table>

{{reflist}}</div>

{{reflist}}</div>

[[Category: Glossary]]

[[Category:TLD]]