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A '''Country Code Top-Level Domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is a two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>

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~~{{Glossary|~~

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|note = This article is neutral, but is [[Sponsorship|sponsored]] by [[.CO Internet S.A.S.]],<br/> the registry operator for the [[.co]] open ccTLD.<br/>You can read more about them [http://www.cointernet.co/ here].

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~~|logo = .co_Internet_logo.png~~

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~~|link = http://icannwiki.com/index.php/.CO_Internet_S.~~A~~.S.~~

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~~|bronzesponsor = ICANNWiki [[Sponsorship|Bronze Sponsor]]~~

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}}

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'''Country Code Top-Level ~~Domains~~''' ('''~~ccTLDs~~''') ~~are~~ two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>

==Implementation==

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The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]]. The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within RFC ~~1951~~. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>

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The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]] which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of [[ICANN]].<ref>[https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/january-2022/what-are-country-code-top-level-domains-and-why-do-they-matter Who created ccTLDs?]</ref> The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt RFC 1591]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>

===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs===

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==Delegation and Redelegation==

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The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is ~~know~~ as ''redelegation''. The ~~process~~ follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. [[IANA]] receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by [[IANA]] based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>

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The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as ''redelegation''. The latter follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. [[IANA]] receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by [[IANA]] based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>

Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, but can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information to prove that the eligibility criteria has been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to fortify the request received.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>

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The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.

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Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as: the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[~~http~~://www.icann.org/en/~~cctlds~~/ ICANN ~~ccTLDs~~]</ref>

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Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en White Paper, 2/25/2012, ICANN Resources]</ref>

In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>

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==Pseudo-ccTLD==

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A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.

==Open ccTLDs==

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An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>

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''Related Article - [[Open Use ccTLD]]''<br>

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An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>

===.cc and .tv===

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[[Verisign]] is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. [[eNIC]], a subsidiary company of Verisign, manages the operation and marketing of .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that ~~who~~ want to develop ~~website~~ representing a Chinese company, country club, consulting company, chat community, church community, community center, chamber of commerce, or community college.<ref>[http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/registry-services/cc-domain-names/index.xhtml .CC Domain Names - Unique Names for Niche Markets]</ref>

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[[Verisign]] is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. [[eNIC]], a subsidiary company of Verisign, manages the operation and marketing of .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that, for example, want to develop websites representing a Chinese company, country club, consulting company, chat community, church community, community center, chamber of commerce, or community college.<ref>[http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/registry-services/cc-domain-names/index.xhtml .CC Domain Names - Unique Names for Niche Markets]</ref>

[[TodayISP.com]], one of the registrars offering .cc, describes the ccTLD as a new international domain name having the same features of the [[.com]] and [[.net]], as it is understood by users as an acronym for commercial company, it offers potential business value, and is becoming the latest fashion in domain names, making its value increase.<ref>[http://www.todayisp.com/domain/intro_cc.net What Is .CC Domain?]</ref>

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<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td>

<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td>

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<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands ~~landskapsregering~~]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands Landskapsregeringen]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[~~IntraDNS~~]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraNS]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS Belgium]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td>

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<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[~~ARCE~~]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCEP]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[NIC.dz]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[~~[NIC~~.~~EC]~~]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[https://nic.ec ECUADORDOMAIN S.A.]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[Estonian Internet Foundation]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td>

<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td>

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<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>~~Limited~~ to ~~Finnish companies and citizens, abroad or domestic~~</td>

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<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>Registration is available to everyone all around the world</td>

<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.kr]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td>

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<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory Inc|Gauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[PNINA|Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[DNS.PT]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.sm]]</td><td>San Marino</td><td>[[Telecom Italia San Marino]]</td><td>Domain name must be same as company name or trademark</td>

<tr><td>[[.sn]]</td><td>Senegal</td><td>[[Universite Cheikh Anta Diop]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.so]]</td><td>Somalia</td><td>[[~~Somali Ministry of Posts and Communications~~]]</td><td>Relaunched on Novemner 1, 2010</td>

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<tr><td>[[.so]]</td><td>Somalia</td><td>[[SONIC]]</td><td>Relaunched on Novemner 1, 2010</td>

<tr><td>[[.sr]]</td><td>Suriname</td><td>[[Telesur]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.ss]]</td><td>South Sudan</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>

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<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[~~Ministry of Information and Communications of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam~~]]</td><td></td>

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<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[VNNIC]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td>

<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>

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{{reflist}}</div>

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[[Category: ~~Glossary~~]]

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[[Category:TLD]]

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~~</translate>~~

Christiane

Bureaucrats, steward, Administrators, translator

874

edits

Changes

Country code top-level domain (view source)

Revision as of 20:00, 19 March 2024