3,197
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 1:
Line 1: − + − |goldsponsor = [[Sponsorship|ICANNWiki Gold Sponsor]] Line 23:
Line 22: + Line 33:
Line 33: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 64:
Line 64: − + Line 71:
Line 71: + + + Line 78:
Line 81: − + − + − + − + Line 92:
Line 95: − + − + − + + + + − + − + Line 115:
Line 121: − + Line 128:
Line 134: − + Line 134:
Line 140: − + − + − + Line 149:
Line 155: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + − + − + + + +
→ICANN and Google
{{CompanyInfo|
{{CompanyInfo|
| logo = Googlelogo.png
| logo = GoogleLogoNew.png
| type = Publicly Held
| type = Publicly Held
| industry = Internet & Technology
| industry = Internet & Technology
[[Jordyn Buchanan]], Site Reliability Manager<br>
[[Jordyn Buchanan]], Site Reliability Manager<br>
[[Sarah Falvey]], Policy Manager<br>
[[Sarah Falvey]], Policy Manager<br>
[[Hal Bailey]], Strategic Partnerships Director<br>
Nikesh Arora, Senior VP and Chief Business Officer <br>
Nikesh Arora, Senior VP and Chief Business Officer <br>
Shona L. Brown, Senior VP Business Operations <br>
Shona L. Brown, Senior VP Business Operations <br>
}}
}}
'''Google''' is a multi-national company providing search, advertising, cloud computing services and many other business solutions. The company's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/index.html Google Mission]</ref> The company ranked 4th on Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2011.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/snapshots/4.html Fortune]</ref>
'''Google''' is a multi-national company providing search, advertising, cloud computing services, and many other business solutions. The company's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/index.html Google Mission]</ref> The company ranked 4th on Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2011.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/snapshots/4.html Fortune]</ref>
==Company Background==
==Company Background==
In 1996, [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], both Stanford University graduate students, partnered in building BackRub, a search engine that determined the importance of individual web pages. This search engine operated for more than a year at Stanford servers until it took too much bandwith to suit the university.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/history.html History]</ref>
In 1996, [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], both Stanford University graduate students, partnered in building BackRub, a search engine that determined the importance of individual web pages. This search engine operated for more than a year at Stanford servers until it took too much bandwidth to suit the university.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/history.html History]</ref>
In 1997, Page and Brin decided to change the name of the BackRub search engine, the two brainstormed and came up with Google -- a term derived from the mathematical term googol, which means the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Googol.html Mathworld]</ref> The name reflects the founders objective, which is to organize an infinite amount of information on the web.
In 1997, Page and Brin decided to change the name of the BackRub search engine, the two brainstormed and came up with Google -- a term derived from the mathematical term googol, which means the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Googol.html Mathworld]</ref> The name reflects the founders' objective, which is to organize an infinite amount of information on the web.
On September 4, 1998, Google was incorporated in California. The company started its business operations in a garage at Menlo Park. Craig Silverstein, was the first employee hired by Page and Brin, a fellow computer science graduate from Stanford. PC Magazine recognized Google as one of the Top 100 Web Sites for 1998.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/history.html History]</ref>
On September 4, 1998, Google was incorporated in California. The company started its business operations in a garage at Menlo Park. Craig Silverstein was the first employee hired by Page and Brin, a fellow computer science graduate from Stanford. PC Magazine recognized Google as one of the Top 100 Web Sites for 1998.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/history.html History]</ref>
==ICANN and Google==
==ICANN and Google==
Google is an [[ICANN]] accredited registrar of seven top level domain names which include [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.org]], [[.biz]], [[.info]], [[.name]] and [[.pro]].<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/registrars/accredited-list.html List of ICANN Accredited Registrars]</ref>
Google is an [[ICANN]] accredited registrar of top level domain names, including [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.org]], [[.biz]], [[.info]], [[.name]] and [[.pro]].<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/registrars/accredited-list.html List of ICANN Accredited Registrars]</ref> Google is also a registry operator for TLDs including [[.app]], [[.day]], [[.dev]], [[.how]], and [[.page]].<ref>[https://www.registry.google/ Registry.Google]</ref>
One of the significant policies implemented by Google in 2008 is the introduction of a [[Domain Kiting]] Detection System, to stop the domain name registration abuses by profiteers known as [[Domain Tasting|domain tasting]] and [[Domain Kiting|domain kiting]]. The modus operandi of profiteers is taking advantage of the five-day [[AGP|Add Grace Period]] for domain tasting by checking and calculating how much a particular domain generates revenue from ads while parked at a monetization page. With regards to domain kiting, a registrant deletes a newly registered domain name before the grace period ends and immediately registers it again, to reset the grace period and postpone the registration payment.<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/205918984 informationweek.com]</ref>
One of the significant policies implemented by Google in 2008 is the introduction of a [[Domain Kiting]] Detection System, to stop the domain name registration abuses by profiteers known as [[Domain Tasting|domain tasting]] and [[Domain Kiting|domain kiting]]. The modus operandi of profiteers is taking advantage of the five-day [[AGP|Add Grace Period]] for domain tasting by checking and calculating how much a particular domain generates revenue from ads while parked at a monetization page. With regards to domain kiting, a registrant deletes a newly registered domain name before the grace period ends and immediately registers it again, to reset the grace period and postpone the registration payment.<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/205918984 InformationWeek.com]</ref>
Google's announcement stirred concerns and debate within the internet community, prompting ICANN to immediately act; although the organization had been preparing a policy to deter the practices of domain tasting and domain kiting prior to Google's move . ICANN conducted a debate in the Spring of 2008 regarding the elimination of the AGP. Meanwhile, ICANN's [[ALAC|At-Large Advisory Committee]] requested the board to investigate the practices to formulate a relevant policy to prevent the abusive practices of domain tasters and kiters.<ref>[http://www.betanews.com/article/ICANN-may-end-grace-periods-killing-off-domain-tasting/1201728860 betanews.com]</ref>
Google's announcement stirred concerns and debate within the internet community, prompting ICANN to immediately act; although the organization had been preparing a policy to deter the practices of domain tasting and domain kiting prior to Google's move. ICANN conducted a debate in the Spring of 2008 regarding the elimination of the AGP. Meanwhile, ICANN's [[ALAC|At-Large Advisory Committee]] requested the board to investigate the practices to formulate a relevant policy to prevent the abusive practices of domain tasters and kiters.<ref>[http://www.betanews.com/article/ICANN-may-end-grace-periods-killing-off-domain-tasting/1201728860 betanews.com]</ref>
In June 2008, ICANN implemented a provisional policy (from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009) as a short-term solution in response to the internet community's concern regarding domain tasting. Under the policy, registrars will not be entitled to receive a $0.20 refund, for administration fees, if more than 10 percent of their registered domains were deleted. The policy was successful in dropping the number of deleted domains from 18 million to 2 million. After the provisional period ICANN adopted a tougher policy which required registrars to pay $6.75 for every excessive delete.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agp-status-report-12aug09-en.pdf The End Of Domain Tasting]</ref>
In June 2008, ICANN implemented a provisional policy (from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009) as a short-term solution in response to the internet community's concern regarding domain tasting. Under the policy, registrars will not be entitled to receive a $0.20 refund, for administration fees, if more than 10 percent of their registered domains were deleted. The policy was successful in dropping the number of deleted domains from 18 million to 2 million. After the provisional period ICANN adopted a tougher policy that required registrars to pay $6.75 for every excessive delete.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agp-status-report-12aug09-en.pdf The End Of Domain Tasting]</ref>
===Vinton Cerf Joins Google===
===Vinton Cerf Joins Google===
Renowned [[DARPA]] scientist, [[Vinton Cerf]], joined Google in September, 2005 as Vice-president and Chief Internet Evangelist;<ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/09/cerfs-up-at-google.html Google Blog]</ref> Cerf co-designed the TCP/IP protocols that were used to develop the architecture of the internet and he is considered as one of the '''Fathers of Internet.''' <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm Vinton Cerf Biography]</ref>
Renowned [[DARPA]] scientist, [[Vinton Cerf]], joined Google in September 2005 as Vice-president and Chief Internet Evangelist;<ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/09/cerfs-up-at-google.html Google Blog]</ref> Cerf co-designed the TCP/IP protocols that were used to develop the architecture of the internet and he is considered as one of the '''Fathers of Internet.''' <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm Vinton Cerf Biography]</ref>
As Google's VP and Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf helped the company in building standards for next generation applications, network infrastructure, architectures, and systems.<ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/vintcerf.html Google Press release]</ref> He also served as one of Google's public figures in the Internet community worldwide. While working with Google, Cerf also continued his position as chairman of the board of [[ICANN]], which began in 2000 and lasted until 2007.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm Vinton Cerf Biography]</ref>
As Google's VP and Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf helped the company in building standards for next-generation applications, network infrastructure, architectures, and systems.<ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/vintcerf.html Google Press release]</ref> He also served as one of Google's public figures in the Internet community worldwide. While working with Google, Cerf also continued his position as chairman of the board of [[ICANN]], which began in 2000 and lasted until 2007.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm Vinton Cerf Biography]</ref>
==New gTLDs==
==New gTLDs==
It was confirmed in April, 2012, before the scheduled closure of the application period of [[ICANN]]'s [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]], that Google was applying for its own [[Brand gTLD|branded TLDs]] (i.e., [[.google]], [[.youtube]]), and some other relevant generic terms. Their announcement created excitement that Google's search engine would add significant attention to new gTLDs, and anxiety that the very large player would walk away with some of the most sought after new extensions.<ref>[http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/25/google-to-the-rescue Google To The Rescue, Wired.co.uk]</ref>
It was confirmed in April 2012, before the scheduled closure of the application period of [[ICANN]]'s [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]], that Google was applying for its own [[Brand gTLD|branded TLDs]] (i.e., [[.google]], [[.youtube]]), and some other relevant generic terms. Their announcement created excitement that Google's search engine would add significant attention to new gTLDs, and anxiety that the very large player would walk away with some of the most sought-after new extensions.<ref>[http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/25/google-to-the-rescue Google To The Rescue, Wired.co.uk]</ref>
On May 31, 2012, Google's Chief Internet Evangelist Vinton Cerf posted on Google's Official blog that the company submitted applications for new TLDs with the following categories: <ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/expanding-internet-domain-space.html Expanding the Internet domain space]</ref>
On May 31, 2012, Google's Chief Internet Evangelist Vinton Cerf posted on Google's Official blog that the company submitted applications for new TLDs with the following categories: <ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/expanding-internet-domain-space.html Expanding the Internet domain space]</ref>
* Domains that are interesting and has creative potential (example: [[.lol]])
* Domains that are interesting and has creative potential (example: [[.lol]])
Vint also assured people that making new TLDs successful through security measure and abuse prevention as high priority, working with all ICANN-accredited registrars and with brand owners to develop sensible rights protection mechanisms built upon ICANN’s requirements.
Vint also assured people that making new TLDs successful through security measures and abuse prevention a high priority, working with all ICANN-accredited registrars and with brand owners to develop sensible rights protection mechanisms built upon ICANN’s requirements.
In a related report, Ad Age Digital reported that Google applied for more than 50 TLDs. The information was revealed by a source within Google who is familiar with the company's application. <ref>[http://adage.com/article/digital/google-applies-50-domains-including-lol-youtube/235079/ Google Applies for More than 50 New Domains Including .LOL and .YouTube]</ref>
In a related report, Ad Age Digital reported that Google applied for more than 50 TLDs. The information was revealed by a source within Google who is familiar with the company's application. <ref>[http://adage.com/article/digital/google-applies-50-domains-including-lol-youtube/235079/ Google Applies for More than 50 New Domains Including .LOL and .YouTube]</ref>
Three of Google's applications, [[.and]], [[.are]] and [[.est]], were for protected strings and cannot be implemented as New gTLDs given their status as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes (for Andorra, United Arab Emirates, and Estonia respectively). It was later confirmed that Google withdrew these applications.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10089-did-google-withdraw-three-new-gtld-applications Did Google Withdraw Three New gTLD Applications?, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
Three of Google's applications, [[.and]], [[.are]] and [[.est]], were for protected strings and cannot be implemented as New gTLDs given their status as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes (for Andorra, United Arab Emirates, and Estonia respectively). It was later confirmed that Google withdrew these applications.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10089-did-google-withdraw-three-new-gtld-applications Did Google Withdraw Three New gTLD Applications?, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
In January of 2014, it was confirmed that Google's first domain registration for a New gTLD was جوجل.شبكة, which is a transliteration of "Google". It was registered during the [[Sunrise Period]] for the TLD [[.shabaka]]. <ref>[http://domainincite.com/15472-google-registers-its-first-new-gtld-domain Google registers its first New gTLD Domain, DomainIncite] Retrieved 06 Jan 2014</ref>
===Applications===
===Applications===
Google's 101 originally applied for strings, separated by contested and non-contested, are:<br>
Google's 101 originally applied for strings, separated by contested and non-contested, are:<br>
[[.ads]], [[.and]], [[.android]], [[.are]], [[.boo]], [[.cal]], [[.car]], [[.channel]], [[.chrome]], [[.dad]], [[.day]], [[.dclk]], [[.eat]], [[.esq]], [[.est]], [[.fly]], [[.foo]], [[.gbiz]], [[.gle]], [[.gmail]], [[.goog]], [[.google]], [[.guge]], [[.hangout]], [[.here]], [[.how]], [[.ing]], [[.kid]], [[.meme]], [[.mov]], [[.new]],[[.nexus]], [[.page]], [[.prod]], [[.prof]], [[.rsvp]], [[.soy]], [[.tour]], [[.youtube]], [[.zip]], [[.みんな]], [[.グーグル]], [[.谷歌]]<ref>[http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2184179/Google-Pays-18.6-Million-Applying-for-101-New-gTLDs Google Pays 18.6 Million Applying for 101 New gTLDs, SearchEngineWatch.com]Published 13 June 2012, Retrieved 14 Jan 2013</ref>
[[.ads]], [[.and]], [[.android]], [[.are]], [[.boo]], [[.cal]], [[.car]], [[.channel]], [[.chrome]], [[.dad]], [[.day]], [[.dclk]], [[.eat]], [[.esq]], [[.est]], [[.fly]], [[.foo]], [[.gbiz]], [[.gle]], [[.gmail]], [[.goog]], [[.google]], [[.guge]], [[.hangout]], [[.here]], [[.how]], [[.ing]], [[.kid]], [[.meme]], [[.mov]], [[.new]],[[.nexus]], [[.page]], [[.prod]], [[.prof]], [[.rsvp]], [[.soy]], [[.tour]], [[.youtube]], [[.zip]], [[.みんな]], [[.グーグル]], [[.谷歌]]<ref>[http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2184179/Google-Pays-18.6-Million-Applying-for-101-New-gTLDs Google Pays 18.6 Million Applying for 101 New gTLDs, SearchEngineWatch.com]Published 13 June 2012, Retrieved 14 Jan 2013</ref>
===Withdrawn Applications===
===Withdrawn Applications===
Google applied for [[.and]] as a TLD for its Android services, and [[.are]] and [[.est]] as domain hacks that would allow domains such as "fast.est" and "dogs.are/cute". All three applications were withdrawn. They were immediately criticized as flying directly in the face of [[ICANN]]'s [[AGB|applicant guidebook]] given that it clearly lays out that geographic and territory names on the [[ISO 3166-1]] standard list are protected. AND is on that list as a designation of Andorra; EST is for Estonia; and ARE is reserved for the United Arab Emirates. Thus, it was quickly suggested that the applications would be rejected outright.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/07/02/google_loses_money_applying_for_banned_domain_names/ Google Loses Money Applying for Banned Domain Names, TheRegister.Co.Uk]</ref><ref>[http://domainincite.com/10089-did-google-withdraw-three-new-gtld-applications Did Google Withdraw Three New gTLD Applications?, DomainIncite.com]</ref> In September, 2012 it was noted that Google had withdrawn all three applications.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/09/05/icann-4-new-gtld-applications-withdrawn-3-by-google/ ICANN 4 New gTLD Applications Withdrawn 3 by Google, TheDomains.com]</ref>
Google applied for [[.and]] as a TLD for its Android services, and [[.are]] and [[.est]] as domain hacks that would allow domains such as "fast.est" and "dogs.are/cute". All three applications were withdrawn. They were immediately criticized as flying directly in the face of [[ICANN]]'s [[AGB|applicant guidebook]] given that it clearly lays out that geographic and territory names on the [[ISO 3166-1]] standard list are protected. AND is on that list as a designation of Andorra; EST is for Estonia; and ARE is reserved for the United Arab Emirates. Thus, it was quickly suggested that the applications would be rejected outright.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/07/02/google_loses_money_applying_for_banned_domain_names/ Google Loses Money Applying for Banned Domain Names, TheRegister.Co.Uk]</ref><ref>[http://domainincite.com/10089-did-google-withdraw-three-new-gtld-applications Did Google Withdraw Three New gTLD Applications?, DomainIncite.com]</ref> In September 2012 it was noted that Google had withdrawn all three applications.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/09/05/icann-4-new-gtld-applications-withdrawn-3-by-google/ ICANN 4 New gTLD Applications Withdrawn 3 by Google, TheDomains.com]</ref>
===Complaints Over Closed gTLDs===
===Complaints Over Closed gTLDs===
In September, 2012, an influential consumer advocacy group, Consumer Watchdog, sent a letter to U.S. Sen. Rockefeller, who is the chair of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee. Sen. Rockefeller's senate subcommittee is the same that had held hearings regarding ICANN and its [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]] just before its launch. Consumer Watchdog is upset over both Google and Amazon's plans to acquire generic TLDs and then to restrict them only for their own use. The letter states: "If these applications are granted, large parts of the Internet would be privatized. It is one thing to own a domain associated with your brand, but it is a huge problem to take control of generic strings. Both Google and Amazon are already dominant players on the Internet. Allowing them further control by buying generic domain strings would threaten the free and open Internet that consumers rely upon. Consumer Watchdog urges you to do all that you can to thwart these outrageous efforts and ensure that the Internet continues its vibrant growth while serving the interests of all of its users." The whole letter can be seen [http://www.consumerwatchdog.org/resources/ltrrockefeller091912.pdf here].<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10535-consumer-watchdog-slams-outrageous-google-and-amazon-keyword-gtld-bids Consumer Watchdog Slams Outrageous Google and Amazon Keyword gTLD bids, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
In September 2012, an influential consumer advocacy group, Consumer Watchdog, sent a letter to U.S. Sen. Rockefeller, who is the chair of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee. Sen. Rockefeller's senate subcommittee is the same that had held hearings regarding ICANN and its [[New gTLD Program|new gTLD program]] just before its launch. Consumer Watchdog is upset over both Google and Amazon's plans to acquire generic TLDs and then to restrict them only for their own use. The letter states: "If these applications are granted, large parts of the Internet would be privatized. It is one thing to own a domain associated with your brand, but it is a huge problem to take control of generic strings. Both Google and Amazon are already dominant players on the Internet. Allowing them further control by buying generic domain strings would threaten the free and open Internet that consumers rely upon. Consumer Watchdog urges you to do all that you can to thwart these outrageous efforts and ensure that the Internet continues its vibrant growth while serving the interests of all of its users." The whole letter can be seen [http://www.consumerwatchdog.org/resources/ltrrockefeller091912.pdf here].<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10535-consumer-watchdog-slams-outrageous-google-and-amazon-keyword-gtld-bids Consumer Watchdog Slams Outrageous Google and Amazon Keyword gTLD bids, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
This letter came just a day after a similar appeal by a group of domain industry regulars was announced. [[Michele Neylon]], CEO of [[Blacknight Internet Solutions Ltd]] and a highly active member of the ICANN community, led the signatories of a letter adressing the same issue, though it does not name Google nor [[Amazon]] by name. Instead it focuses on any and all use of generic terms that are being sought after only to become closed TLDs: "generic words used in a generic way belong to all people. It is inherently in the public interest to allow access to generic new gTLDs to the whole of the Internet Community, e.g., .BLOG, .MUSIC, .CLOUD. Allowing everyone to register and use second level domain names of these powerful, generic TLDs is exactly what we envisioned the New gTLD Program would do. In contrast, to allow individual Registry Operators to segregate and close-off common words for which they do not possess intellectual property rights in effect allows them to circumvent nation-states’ entrenched legal processes for obtaining legitimate and recognized trademark protections." Other signatories include: [[Scott Pinzon]], former Director of ICANN; [[Kelly Hardy]], domain industry consultant; [[Frédéric Guillemaut]], MailClub.fr; [[Robert Birkner]], 1API GmbH; the whole letter can be seen [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZUNlookOWyaSW8lXfi_37zVFsVk9xcxncvmE0uwPEFY/edit here].
This letter came just a day after a similar appeal by a group of domain industry regulars was announced. [[Michele Neylon]], CEO of [[Blacknight Internet Solutions Ltd]] and a highly active member of the ICANN community, led the signatories of a letter addressing the same issue, though it does not name Google nor [[Amazon]] by name. Instead, it focuses on any and all use of generic terms that are being sought after only to become closed TLDs: "generic words used in a generic way belong to all people. It is inherently in the public interest to allow access to generic new gTLDs to the whole of the Internet Community, e.g., .BLOG, .MUSIC, .CLOUD. Allowing everyone to register and use second-level domain names of these powerful, generic TLDs is exactly what we envisioned the New gTLD Program would do. In contrast, to allow individual Registry Operators to segregate and close-off common words for which they do not possess intellectual property rights in effect allows them to circumvent nation-states’ entrenched legal processes for obtaining legitimate and recognized trademark protections." Other signatories include: [[Scott Pinzon]], former Director of ICANN; [[Kelly Hardy]], domain industry consultant; [[Frédéric Guillemaut]], MailClub.fr; [[Robert Birkner]], 1API GmbH; the whole letter can be seen [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZUNlookOWyaSW8lXfi_37zVFsVk9xcxncvmE0uwPEFY/edit here].
In mid-February 2013, it was announced that an applicant represented by industry lawyer [[Philip Corwin]] would be contacting and lobbying lawmakers in Washington and Brussels, or raising litigation, against Google. The applicant in question remains unknown though it is in contention with Google for at least one TLD. It is not in contention with Amazon, which has in fact applied for many more closed TLDs than Google. The issue at hand is the competition advantage that Google has given its search dominance and its ownership of sites such as youtube. Therefore, its applications for .film, .movie, .mov, .live, .show and .tube could all be used to create further market dominance within the online video and content streaming markets.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/11861-mystery-gtld-applicant-to-take-google-fight-to-lawmakers Mystery gTLD Applicant to Take Googe Fight to Lawmakers, DomainIncite.com] Published 13 Feb 2013, Retrieved 14 Feb 2013</ref>
In mid-February 2013, it was announced that an applicant represented by industry lawyer [[Philip Corwin]] would be contacting and lobbying lawmakers in Washington and Brussels, or raising litigation, against Google. The applicant in question remains unknown though it is in contention with Google for at least one TLD. It is not in contention with Amazon, which has in fact applied for many more closed TLDs than Google. The issue at hand is the competitive advantage that Google has given its search dominance and its ownership of sites such as youtube. Therefore, its applications for .film, .movie, .mov, .live, .show and .tube could all be used to create further market dominance within the online video and content streaming markets.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/11861-mystery-gtld-applicant-to-take-google-fight-to-lawmakers Mystery gTLD Applicant to Take Googe Fight to Lawmakers, DomainIncite.com] Published 13 Feb 2013, Retrieved 14 Feb 2013</ref>
* <big>'''[[gTLD#Closed Generic Strings|More on closed gTLDs]]'''</big>
* <big>'''[[gTLD#Closed Generic Strings|More on closed gTLDs]]'''</big>
===GAC Early Warnings===
===GAC Early Warnings===
Google was warned by [[ICANN]]'s [[GAC|Governmental Advisory Committee]] (GAC), regarding 4 of its applications, for [[.cloud]], [[.app]], [[.search]], and [[.blog]]. All 4 warnings came from the Australian GAC representative, and [[GAC]] Chair, [[Heather Dryden]]. She issued the most warning of any representative, and warned every applicant that had applied for a generic term to be used exclusively by the applicant, arguing that this inhibits competition on the Internet and is not in the public's interest. All of Googles warnings were warned for this reason, and it was warned far fewer times than its major competitors, such as [[Amazon]].<ref>http://www.tldh.org/2012/11/icann-prioriisation-draw/ ICANN Prioritization Draw, TLDH.org]Retrieved 1 Dec 2012</ref><ref>[https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+Early+Warnings GAC Early Warnings, GACweb.ICANN.org] Retrieved 1 Dec 2012</ref>
Google was warned by [[ICANN]]'s [[GAC|Governmental Advisory Committee]] (GAC), regarding 4 of its applications, for [[.cloud]], [[.app]], [[.search]], and [[.blog]]. All 4 warnings came from the Australian GAC representative, and [[GAC]] Chair, [[Heather Dryden]]. She issued the most warning of any representative and warned every applicant that had applied for a generic term to be used exclusively by the applicant, arguing that this inhibits competition on the Internet and is not in the public's interest. All of Google's warnings were warned for this reason, and it was warned far fewer times than its major competitors, such as [[Amazon]].<ref>http://www.tldh.org/2012/11/icann-prioriisation-draw/ ICANN Prioritization Draw, TLDH.org]Retrieved 1 Dec 2012</ref><ref>[https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+Early+Warnings GAC Early Warnings, GACweb.ICANN.org] Retrieved 1 Dec 2012</ref>
===Trade Association===
===Trade Association===
During a special ICANN session held in January 2013 in Amsterdam, Google supported and facilitated a parallel working session outside of the ICANN meeting to discuss the possibility of creating a New gLTD Trade Association that could spread consumer awareness and provide business advocacy for New TLDs. The meeting was the first stage in creating such a body and preliminary discussions included funding sources, membership requirements, and universal TLD acceptance issues.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/11696-google-backing-new-gtld-trade-assocation Google Backing New gTLD Trade Association, DomainIncite.com]Published & Retrieved 24 Jan 2013</ref> The meeting was reportedly "very well attended", and participants agreed that the trade association should focus on the Domain Industry as a whole rather than just New gTLDs. There were immediate questions of feasibility in creating a large enough entity with enough backing to launch its efforts prior to the implementation of the first New gTLDs.<ref>[http://www.netnames.com/blog/2013/01/google-suggest-domain-industry-trade-association/ Google Suggest Domain Industry Trade Association, NetNames.com]</ref>
During a special ICANN session held in January 2013 in Amsterdam, Google supported and facilitated a parallel working session outside of the ICANN meeting to discuss the possibility of creating a New gTLD Trade Association that could spread consumer awareness and provide business advocacy for New TLDs. The meeting was the first stage in creating such a body and preliminary discussions included funding sources, membership requirements, and universal TLD acceptance issues.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/11696-google-backing-new-gtld-trade-assocation Google Backing New gTLD Trade Association, DomainIncite.com]Published & Retrieved 24 Jan 2013</ref> The meeting was reported to be "very well attended", and participants agreed that the trade association should focus on the Domain Industry as a whole rather than just New gTLDs. There were immediate questions of feasibility in creating a large enough entity with enough backing to launch its efforts prior to the implementation of the first New gTLDs.<ref>[http://www.netnames.com/blog/2013/01/google-suggest-domain-industry-trade-association/ Google Suggest Domain Industry Trade Association, NetNames.com]</ref>
===Change in Google's Search Algorithm===
===Change in Google's Search Algorithm===
In May 2013, it appeared that '''Google''' was preparing for the new gTLD environment by updating its search algorithm in order to give weight in searches to ccTLDs. In the past, more weight has been given to the common [[.com]] and [[.org]] strings, among others.<ref>[http://dofonline.co.uk/index.php/strategic-finance/10038-google-inc-new-gtlds-435345?goback=%2Egde_1840166_member_238713378 Google Inc: GOOG alters algorithm in preparation for launch of new gTLDs, Director of Finance Online.co.uk]Retrieved 10 Sept 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.netnames.com/blog/2013/05/google-starts-to-prepare-us-for-the-world-of-the-new-gtlds/ Google Starts to Prepare Us for the World of the New gTLDs, NetNames.com]Retrieved 10 Sept 2013</ref>
In May 2013, it appeared that '''Google''' was preparing for the new gTLD environment by updating its search algorithm in order to give weight in searches to ccTLDs. In the past, more weight has been given to the common [[.com]] and [[.org]] strings, among others.<ref>[http://dofonline.co.uk/index.php/strategic-finance/10038-google-inc-new-gtlds-435345?goback=%2Egde_1840166_member_238713378 Google Inc: GOOG alters algorithm in preparation for the launch of new gTLDs, Director of Finance Online.co.uk]Retrieved 10 Sept 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.netnames.com/blog/2013/05/google-starts-to-prepare-us-for-the-world-of-the-new-gtlds/ Google Starts to Prepare Us for the World of the New gTLDs, NetNames.com]Retrieved 10 Sept 2013</ref>
==="Dotless" Domains Proposal===
==="Dotless" Domains Proposal===
Google's application for the [[.search]] new gTLD includes a proposal for a "dotless" TLD, which has been with significant objection from [[Microsoft]] and other companies.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/13376-microsoft-objects-to-googles-dotless-domains-plan Microsoft Objects to Google's Dotless domains plan, Domain Incite] Retrieved 20 Sept 2013</ref> An excerpt from Google's application explains the proposal:
Google's application for the [[.search]] new gTLD includes a proposal for a "dotless" TLD, which has been with significant objection from [[Microsoft]] and other companies.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/13376-microsoft-objects-to-googles-dotless-domains-plan Microsoft Objects to Google's Dotless domains plan, Domain Incite] Retrieved 20 Sept 2013</ref> An excerpt from Google's application explains the proposal:
"Charleston Road Registry will provide a service on the dotless search domain that will allow users to designate the search functionality of their choice and then perform queries that will automatically be redirected to the appropriate website. This facility should provide simple, consistent access to the userʹs preferred search functionality that does not exist today."<ref>[https://gtldresult.icann.org/application-result/applicationstatus/applicationdetails/1319 Application details, ICANN.org] Retrieved 20 Sept 2013</ref>
"Charleston Road Registry will provide a service on the dotless search domain that will allow users to designate the search functionality of their choice and then perform queries that will automatically be redirected to the appropriate website. This facility should provide simple, consistent access to the userʹs preferred search functionality that does not exist today."<ref>[https://gtldresult.icann.org/application-result/applicationstatus/applicationdetails/1319 Application details, ICANN.org] Retrieved 20 Sept 2013</ref>
===Domain Name Association Membership===
Google became a member of the [[Domain Name Association]], an organization that promotes the domain name industry and includes [[Registrar]]s and [[Registry|Registries]] as its members.<ref>[http://thedna.org/members.html Members] ''TheDNA.org''; Retrieved 09 July 2014</ref>
==Issues==
==Issues==
===.ie Disruptions===
===.ie Disruptions===
On October 9th, 2012, both Google and [[Yahoo!]] experienced prolonged disruptions in their services under the [[.ie]] [[ccTLD|country code top-level domain name]] (ccTLD). Technology.ie was the first party to report that Google's nameservers had experienced an "unauthorised change" that directed them to fraudulent nameservers in Indonesia.<ref name="sociable">[http://sociable.co/web/google-ie-and-yahoo-ie-unavailable-after-unauthorised-change-of-nameservers/ Google.ie and Yahoo.ie unavailable after "unauthorised change" to nameservers], Sociable.co. Published 9 October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</ref>
On October 9th, 2012, both Google and [[Yahoo!]] experienced prolonged disruptions in their services under the [[.ie]] [[ccTLD|country code top-level domain name]] (ccTLD). Technology.ie was the first party to report that Google's nameservers had experienced an "unauthorized change" that directed them to fraudulent nameservers in Indonesia.<ref name="sociable">[http://sociable.co/web/google-ie-and-yahoo-ie-unavailable-after-unauthorised-change-of-nameservers/ Google.ie and Yahoo.ie unavailable after "unauthorized change" to nameservers], Sociable.co. Published 9 October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</ref>
Though the Irish ccTLD registry, [[IEDR]], initially stated that "an unauthorised change was made to two .ie domains on an independent registrar’s account which resulted in a change of DNS nameservers", on November 9th, it stated that a further investigation confirmed that "neither the Registrar of the affected domains nor its systems had any responsibility for this incident." The registry further said that hackers probed its system for 25 days before breaking in via a vulnerability in its Joomla content management system, which enabled the attackers to access back-end databases and upload malicious PHP scripts.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10965-iedr-admits-blame-for-hack-that-brought-down-google-and-yahoo IEDR admits blame for hack that brought down Google and Yahoo], DomainIncite.com. Published 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</ref>
Though the Irish ccTLD registry, [[IEDR]], initially stated that "an unauthorized change was made to two .ie domains on an independent registrar’s account which resulted in a change of DNS nameservers", on November 9th, it stated that a further investigation confirmed that "neither the Registrar of the affected domains nor its systems had any responsibility for this incident." The registry further said that hackers probed its system for 25 days before breaking in via a vulnerability in its Joomla content management system, which enabled the attackers to access back-end databases and upload malicious PHP scripts.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10965-iedr-admits-blame-for-hack-that-brought-down-google-and-yahoo IEDR admits blame for the hack that brought down Google and Yahoo], DomainIncite.com. Published 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</ref>
===Google & ITU===
===Google & ITU===
One of the treaty's possible impacts includes a change in internet governance structures, from regulation under a U.S.-based group like [[ICANN]] to a more global organization.<ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2012/11/22/google-says-itu-is-wrong-place-to-make-decisions-about-the-futu/ Google says ITU is 'the wrong place to make decisions about the future of the Internet'], Engadget.com. Published 22 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref>
One of the treaty's possible impacts includes a change in internet governance structures, from regulation under a U.S.-based group like [[ICANN]] to a more global organization.<ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2012/11/22/google-says-itu-is-wrong-place-to-make-decisions-about-the-futu/ Google says ITU is 'the wrong place to make decisions about the future of the Internet'], Engadget.com. Published 22 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref>
Google has been vocal about their opposition of ITU control of the internet and has launched a ''Take Action'' campaign in response. The ''Take Action'' website states, "A free and open world depends on a free and open Internet... But not all governments support the free and open internet.." They note that forty-two countries filter and censor content, and says of the December ITU meeting that, "Some of these governments are trying to use a closed-door meeting in December to regulate the internet... Proposed changes to the treaty could increase censorship and threaten innovation." Google's main criticisms of the ITU are that it is a "secretive" organization with confidential conferences and proposals, which are open only to governments and not to the general public. Google states that, "Internet policy should work like the Internet -- open and inclusive."<ref>[http://www.google.com/intl/en/takeaction/whats-at-stake/ Take Action], Google.com.</ref>
Google has been vocal about its opposition to ITU's control of the internet and has launched a ''Take Action'' campaign in response. The ''Take Action'' website states, "A free and open world depends on a free and open Internet... But not all governments support the free and open internet.." They note that forty-two countries filter and censor content, and say of the December ITU meeting that, "Some of these governments are trying to use a closed-door meeting in December to regulate the internet... Proposed changes to the treaty could increase censorship and threaten innovation." Google's main criticisms of the ITU are that it is a "secretive" organization with confidential conferences and proposals, which are open only to governments and not to the general public. Google states that "Internet policy should work like the Internet -- open and inclusive."<ref>[http://www.google.com/intl/en/takeaction/whats-at-stake/ Take Action], Google.com.</ref>
Other opponents include the European Parliament<ref name="bbcnews-1"></ref> and the U.S. Government<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19106420 US resists control of internet passing to UN agency], BBCNews.com. Published 7 August 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref> Proponents may include the Russian government, according to a leaked file from WCITLeaks.<ref name="bbcnews-1"></ref><ref>[http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/Russia%2040.pdf Russian Federation], WCITLeaks.org.</ref>
Other opponents include the European Parliament<ref name="bbcnews-1"></ref> and the U.S. Government<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19106420 US resists control of internet passing to UN agency], BBCNews.com. Published 7 August 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref> Proponents may include the Russian government, according to a leaked file from WCITLeaks.<ref name="bbcnews-1"></ref><ref>[http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/Russia%2040.pdf Russian Federation], WCITLeaks.org.</ref>
In 2001, Google was available in 26 languages. Eric Schmidt was appointed Chairman and Wayne Rosing was hired as VP for Engineering.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/timeline/#2000 Timeline Year 2001]</ref> The following year, Schmidt was elected CEO while Page assumed the position of president for products and Brin became president for technology.<ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/ceo.html Press Release]</ref>
In 2001, Google was available in 26 languages. Eric Schmidt was appointed Chairman and Wayne Rosing was hired as VP for Engineering.<ref>[http://www.google.com/corporate/timeline/#2000 Timeline Year 2001]</ref> The following year, Schmidt was elected CEO while Page assumed the position of president for products and Brin became president for technology.<ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/ceo.html Press Release]</ref>
The company also launched the Google Search Appliance, a new device that allowed corporations to use its search technology to scan their own networks;<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/Google-aims-search-device-at-companies/2100-1023_3-833905.html CNET]</ref> Adwords Select, an enhanced version of Adwords was released, a self-service advertising system with the Cost-Per Click (CPC)feature, <ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/select.html Press Release]</ref> the First Google API which enables developers to query more than 2 billion web documents and programs in their favorite environments, and the Google Labs.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-919173.html Google ushers Web surfers into its labs]</ref> The Google News and Froogle were also launched. Since then Google has released numerous products and services for Internet users and businesses worldwide.
The company also launched the Google Search Appliance, a new device that allowed corporations to use its search technology to scan their own networks;<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/Google-aims-search-device-at-companies/2100-1023_3-833905.html CNET]</ref> Adwords Select, an enhanced version of Adwords was released, a self-service advertising system with the Cost-Per-Click (CPC)feature, <ref>[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/select.html Press Release]</ref> the First Google API which enables developers to query more than 2 billion web documents and programs in their favorite environments, and the Google Labs.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-919173.html Google ushers Web surfers into its labs]</ref> The Google News and Froogle were also launched. Since then Google has released numerous products and services for Internet users and businesses worldwide.
===Initial Public Offering===
===Initial Public Offering===
===International Offices===
===International Offices===
The company also opened international offices in Australia, India, Japan, Korea, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Belgium, Denmark, Copehagen, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and many other countries around the world.
The company also opened international offices in Australia, India, Japan, Korea, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Belgium, Denmark, Copenhagen, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and many other countries around the world.
===Google China===
===Google China===
Dr. [[Kaifu Lee]] joined Google as head of the Chinese R&D Center. [[Microsoft]] filed a suit against Dr. Lee and Google, arguing that they violated the one year non-compete agreement on his contract with the company. <ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-09-13/business/17391707_1_kai-fu-lee-noncompete-agreement-google sfgate.com]</ref> Microsoft and Google arrived at a settlement agreement over Dr. Lee's hiring in December of the same year.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6006342.html CNET]</ref>
Dr. [[Kaifu Lee]] joined Google as head of the Chinese R&D Center. [[Microsoft]] filed a suit against Dr. Lee and Google, arguing that they violated the one-year non-compete agreement on his contract with the company. <ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-09-13/business/17391707_1_kai-fu-lee-noncompete-agreement-google SFGate.com]</ref> Microsoft and Google arrived at a settlement agreement over Dr. Lee's hiring in December of the same year.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6006342.html CNET]</ref>
Google.cn, a local domain version of Google in China was launched in 2006 with some government restrictions. There, Google.com is down 10% most of the time, and Google news is never available. The Chinese government has been blocking and re-directing users searches to other websites.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/104813/china_hijacks_googles_domain_name.html pcworld.com]</ref>
Google.cn, a local domain version of Google in China was launched in 2006 with some government restrictions. There, Google.com is down 10% most of the time, and Google news is never available. The Chinese government has been blocking and redirecting users searches to other websites.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/104813/china_hijacks_googles_domain_name.html PCWorld.com]</ref>
==Partnerships==
==Partnerships==
==Community Services==
==Community Services==
On August 16, 2006, Google launched the free city wide WiFi in Mountainview, as its way to give back to the community.<ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/08/free-citywide-wifi-in-mountain-view.html Google Blog]</ref>
On August 16, 2006, Google launched the free city-wide WiFi in Mountainview, as its way to give back to the community.<ref>[http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/08/free-citywide-wifi-in-mountain-view.html Google Blog]</ref>
In 2008, Google.org announced its five key initiatives, Google Flu Trends, Google Powermeter, RE<C, Google Earth Engine and Google Crisis Response as part of the company's objective to help combat the many challenges in the world using the company's strength in information and technology.<ref>[http://www.google.org/about.html Google.org]</ref>
In 2008, Google.org announced its five key initiatives, Google Flu Trends, Google Powermeter, RE<C, Google Earth Engine and Google Crisis Response as part of the company's objective to help combat the many challenges in the world using the company's strength in information and technology.<ref>[http://www.google.org/about.html Google.org]</ref>
In March, 2011, Goggle gave $125 million to the [[Network Startup Resource Center]], a project of the University of Oregon that helps deploy and build Internet infrastructure and ICT capabilities in under-served communities and countries throughout the world.<ref>[http://university.kval.com/news/business/google-gives-125-million-uo-network-startup-resource-center/245092 Goggle Gives 125 million, university.kval.com]</ref>
In March 2011, Goggle gave $125 million to the [[Network Startup Resource Center]], a project of the University of Oregon that helps deploy and build Internet infrastructure and ICT capabilities in under-served communities and countries throughout the world.<ref>[http://university.kval.com/news/business/google-gives-125-million-uo-network-startup-resource-center/245092 Google Gives 125 million, university.kval.com]</ref>
==Acquisitions==
==Acquisitions==
Google acquired numerous companies since since its establishment to present which include Deja Usenet, Blooger.com, Urchin, Writely, Android, JotSpot,which was later launched as Google Sites, Doubleclick, Aardvark, YouTube, Picnik, Admob, reCaptcha, Slide, ITA Software, and many others.<ref>[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/google CrunchBase]</ref>
Google acquired numerous companies since its establishment including Deja Usenet, Blooger.com, Urchin, Writely, Android, JotSpot, which were later launched as Google Sites, Doubleclick, Aardvark, YouTube, Picnik, Admob, reCaptcha, Slide, ITA Software, and many others.<ref>[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/google CrunchBase]</ref>
==Google Apps For Your Domain==
==Google Apps For Your Domain==
In 2006, Google partnered with [[eNom]], Inc., one of the largest ICANN accredited wholesale domain registrars, to the new domain registration services featured in "Google Apps for Your Domain",<ref>[http://www.google.com/apps/intl/en/business/index.html Google Apps]</ref>
In 2006, Google partnered with [[eNom]], Inc., one of the largest ICANN accredited wholesale domain registrars, to the new domain registration services featured in "Google Apps for Your Domain",<ref>[http://www.google.com/apps/intl/en/business/index.html Google Apps]</ref>
a platform which enables any type of organization to offer powerful communication and collaboration tools with their users while being hosted by Google without maintenance, as well as hardware or software installation. Meanwhile, eNom will power private domain registration and identity protection for a $10 annual fee.<ref>[http://www.demandmedia.com/2006/12/14/press-releases/enom-to-power-new-feature-of-google-apps-for-your-domain demandmedia.com]</ref>
a platform that enables any type of organization to offer powerful communication and collaboration tools with their users while being hosted by Google without maintenance, as well as hardware or software installation. Meanwhile, eNom will power private domain registration and identity protection for a $10 annual fee.<ref>[http://www.demandmedia.com/2006/12/14/press-releases/enom-to-power-new-feature-of-google-apps-for-your-domain demandmedia.com]</ref>
==Domaining==
==Domaining==
[[Google]] has been using its .co, g.co, as an internal link shortener. It apparently paid 7 figures for the domain, which it acquired in July, 2011. The first reported uses of the g.co shortener was for internal links within its Google Maps features; they hope the new space will assure customers of the safety and security of their links.<ref>[http://www.elliotsblog.com/google-now-using-g-co-on-maps-0712 Google Now Using G.co on Maps, ElliottsBlog.com]</ref>
[[Google]] has been using its .co, g.co, as an internal link shortener. It apparently paid 7 figures for the domain, which it acquired in July 2011. The first reported uses of the g.co shortener was for internal links within its Google Maps features; they hope the new space will assure customers of the safety and security of their links.<ref>[http://www.elliotsblog.com/google-now-using-g-co-on-maps-0712 Google Now Using G.co on Maps, ElliottsBlog.com]</ref>
However, it failed to pick up the g.co.uk extension in October, 2011. They were outbid by [[ANY-Web]], a well-known domain speculator who bought a rumored 50,000 pounds worth of short .co.uk addresses.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/03/google_shortname_bid/ Google Shortname Bid, TheRegister.co.uk]</ref>
However, it failed to pick up the g.co.uk extension in October 2011. They were outbid by [[ANY-Web]], a well-known domain speculator who bought a rumored 50,000 pounds worth of short .co.uk addresses.<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/03/google_shortname_bid/ Google Shortname Bid, TheRegister.co.uk]</ref>
On August 17, 2011, Google submitted a [[UDRP]] request to the [[National Arbitration Forum]] over the domain goggle.com,<ref>[http://domains.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/1403690.htm National Arbitration Forum: Google Inc. v. Goggle.com, Inc.]</ref> which is currently being used for [[cybersquatting]] purposes. On October 17th, the NAF announced that it would decline to consider the case. According to goggle.com registrant David Csumrik, represented by [[Zak Muscovitch]], the domain's previous owners had existed in a co-existence relationship contract with Google, which enabled the owners to operate the domain without fear of litigation from Google, and that this right may have been passed down to him upon purchase of the domain.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/google-loses-goggle-com-cybersquatting-complaint/ Domain Incite: Google loses Goggle.com cybersquatting complaint]</ref>
On August 17, 2011, Google submitted a [[UDRP]] request to the [[National Arbitration Forum]] over the domain goggle.com,<ref>[http://domains.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/1403690.htm National Arbitration Forum: Google Inc. v. Goggle.com, Inc.]</ref> which is currently being used for [[cybersquatting]] purposes. On October 17th, the NAF announced that it would decline to consider the case. According to goggle.com registrant David Csumrik, represented by [[Zak Muscovitch]], the domain's previous owners had existed in a co-existence relationship contract with Google, which enabled the owners to operate the domain without fear of litigation from Google, and that this right may have been passed down to him upon purchase of the domain.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/google-loses-goggle-com-cybersquatting-complaint/ Domain Incite: Google loses Goggle.com cybersquatting complaint]</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
{{reflist}}</div>
[[Category: Companies]]
[[Category:DNA Members]]
[[Category: Sponsor]]
[[Category:NTLD Applicants]]
[[Category:Software]]
[[Category:ICT]]
[[Category:Past Sponsors]]