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Line 6: + − * [[Independent Objector]] – a position created by ICANN to determine if a new gTLD application is in the best interest of the Internet community. Line 16:
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Line 90: + − * [[RFC]] – A Request For Comments is a series of organizational and technical documents containing specifications and policies pertaining to aspects of the Internet, such as computer networking, protocols, procedures, programs, and concepts, meeting notes, and opinions that have been prepared by the ISOC, particularly its Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Architecture Board, or the Internet Research Task Force. − + Line 104:
Line 108: + − * [[TAS]] – the official online application system implemented by ICANN. − * [[FTP]] – a TCP/IP-based network protocol to transmit files from one computer to another through the Internet. + Line 142:
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Line 167: − === DNS Abuse === − * [[Cybersquatting]] – attempting to profit by purchasing domain names made of marketable and trademark-related terms and later reselling or licensing those names back to the companies that developed the trademark − * [[Phishing]] – the acquisition of personal and financial information through deceptive means such as fraudulent emails, copies of legitimate websites, brand spoofing, and carding. − * [[Typosquatting]] – the intentional registration of misspellings of popular website addresses to garner traffic; aka URL hijacking. − Line 173:
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→Organizations
* [[I* Leaders]] – a loose category of organizations responsible for technical infrastructures on the Internet.
* [[I* Leaders]] – a loose category of organizations responsible for technical infrastructures on the Internet.
* [[ICANN Fellow]] – A member of the Internet community and recipient of a grant provided by the ICANN Fellowship Program.
* [[ICANN Fellow]] – A member of the Internet community and recipient of a grant provided by the ICANN Fellowship Program.
* [[Independent Objector]] – a position created by ICANN to determine if a new gTLD application is in the best interest of the Internet community.
* [[Internet Service Provider]] companies that provide customers with Internet services, such as access with telephone, television, email accounts, and customizable web pages.
* [[Internet Service Provider]] companies that provide customers with Internet services, such as access with telephone, television, email accounts, and customizable web pages.
* [[NIC]] – A network information center manages a registry and contracts with the registrars accredited to sell domains under a given TLD.
* [[NIC]] – A network information center manages a registry and contracts with the registrars accredited to sell domains under a given TLD.
* [[Registrant]] – A person who has registered a domain name through a registrar.
* [[Registrant]] – A person who has registered a domain name through a registrar.
* [[GA]] – the General Assembly Mailing List is an open forum for participation for the GNSO.
* [[GA]] – the General Assembly Mailing List is an open forum for participation for the GNSO.
* [[Constituency]] – a group of people who support or are served or represented by an organization or business.
* [[Constituency]] – a group of people who support or are served or represented by an organization or business.
* [[Empowered Community]]
* [[Empowered Community]] – oversees the legal enforcement of the community powers of ICANN's Supporting Organizations (SOs) and Advisory Committees (ACs) under California law.
* [[ICANN Bodies]] – The structures that comprise the corporation that runs the technical operations of DNS resources and defines policies for how the names and numbers of the Internet should run.
* [[ICANN Studienkreis]] – an open network of experts dedicated to organizing high-level seminars on Internet industry and governance
* [[ICANN Studienkreis]] – an open network of experts dedicated to organizing high-level seminars on Internet industry and governance
* [[IESG]] – the Internet Engineering Steering Group oversees the technical management of the IETF.
* [[IESG]] – the Internet Engineering Steering Group oversees the technical management of the IETF.
* [[MAG]] – The Multistakeholder Advisory Group was established by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on May 17, 2006, to help him set-up the Internet Governance Forum
* [[MAG]] – The Multistakeholder Advisory Group was established by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan on May 17, 2006, to help him set-up the Internet Governance Forum
* [[PAB]] – The gTLD Policy Advisory Body comprising the signatories of the MoU, which was created along with the CORE and POC, to represent the voices of Internet stakeholders.
* [[PAB]] – The gTLD Policy Advisory Body comprising the signatories of the MoU, which was created along with the CORE and POC, to represent the voices of Internet stakeholders.
* [[OSC]] – GNSO Operations Steering Committee
* [[OSC]] – GNSO Operations Steering Committee
* [[SIC]] – The Structural Improvements Committee in November 2008 to review policies and provide oversight, as part of ICANN's ongoing organizational review process.
* [[SIC]] – The Structural Improvements Committee in November 2008 to review policies and provide oversight, as part of ICANN's ongoing organizational review process.
===Offices===
* [[Contractual Compliance]] gathers information from and enforces the contractual compliance of registries and registrars through complaint-driven informal and formal resolution processes, ICANN-initiated monitoring, or random auditing.
===Panels===
===Panels===
* [[Comparative Evaluation Panel]] – check applications for new gTLDs against the criteria published in the Applicant Guidebook
* [[Comparative Evaluation Panel]] – checks applications for new gTLDs against the criteria published in the Applicant Guidebook
* [[DNS Stability Panel]] – reviews proposed new TLD applications to ensure that they will not harm the security and stability of the Internet.
* [[DNS Stability Panel]] – reviews proposed new TLD applications to ensure that they will not harm the security and stability of the Internet.
* [[Financial Evaluation Panel]] – assesses new gTLD applications to determine if the applicants are financially capable of maintaining the proposed operations of the new gTLD registry.
* [[Financial Evaluation Panel]] – assesses new gTLD applications to determine if the applicants are financially capable of maintaining the proposed operations of the new gTLD registry.
===Teams===
===Teams===
*[[ATRT]] – The Accountability and Transparency Review Team is one of four Review Teams created by ICANN to comply with the requirements set forth by the U.S. DOC in the Affirmation of Commitments and written into the ICANN Bylaws.
* [[ATRT]] – The Accountability and Transparency Review Team is one of four Review Teams created by ICANN to comply with the requirements set forth by the U.S. DOC in the Affirmation of Commitments and written into the ICANN Bylaws.
* [[CERT]] – A Computer Emergency Response Team or Computer Security Incident Response Team is a group designated to handle computer security.
* [[CERT]] – A Computer Emergency Response Team or Computer Security Incident Response Team is a group designated to handle computer security.
* [[Communications and Coordination Work Team]] – GNSO team for developing proposals for the Council in response to recommendations made by the BGC WG.
* [[Communications and Coordination Work Team]] – GNSO team for developing proposals for the Council in response to recommendations made by the BGC WG.
==Concepts==
==Concepts==
* [[Multistakeholder Model]] – approach to governance or policymaking that brings together the primary stakeholders, such as businesses, civil society, governments, research institutions, and non-government organizations, to engage in the dialogue, decision-making, and implementation of solutions to common problems or goals.
* [[Multistakeholder Model]] – approach to governance or policymaking that brings together the primary stakeholders, such as businesses, civil society, governments, research institutions, and non-government organizations, to engage in the dialogue, decision-making, and implementation of solutions to common problems or goals.
* [[Right to Be Forgotten]] - (aka Article 17 of the GDPR) refers to a subject's right to obligate the controller of the data in question the erasure of personal information without undue delay.
* [[Right to Be Forgotten]] – (aka Article 17 of the GDPR) refers to a subject's right to obligate the controller of the data in question the erasure of personal information without undue delay.
* [[Universal Access]] the concept that top-level domain names are accessible globally through any internet browser, server, email client, and computer program.
* [[Universal Access]] – the concept that top-level domain names are accessible globally through any internet browser, server, email client, and computer program.
==Documents==
==Documents==
* [[Applicant Guidebook]] – ICANN guidebook for applying for new gTLDs in the New gTLD Program
* [[Applicant Guidebook]] – ICANN guidebook for applying for new gTLDs in the New gTLD Program
* [[Community Objection]] – a formal public comment made during the objection period of the New gTLD Program.
* [[Community Objection]] – a formal public comment made during the objection period of the New gTLD Program.
* [[FOA]] the Form of Authorization is the first step towards transferring a global domain name from one registrar to another.
* [[FOA]] – the Form of Authorization is the first step towards transferring a global domain name from one registrar to another.
* [[GDPR]] – The General Data Protection Regulation is the EU privacy and security law whose reach includes any organization around the world that targets or collects data on people in the EU.
* [[GPML]] – Global Protected Marks List was created to provide additional protection to Intellectual Property holders.
* [[GPML]] – Global Protected Marks List was created to provide additional protection to Intellectual Property holders.
* [[Green Paper]] – The Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses was released by the NTIA in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998.
* [[Green Paper]] – The Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses was released by the NTIA in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998.
* [[MoU]] – a legal document of agreement between two or more parties. It is not completely obligatory like a legal contract is, but it is more powerful and legitimate than the earlier "gentleman’s agreement."
* [[MoU]] – a legal document of agreement between two or more parties. It is not completely obligatory like a legal contract is, but it is more powerful and legitimate than the earlier "gentleman’s agreement."
* [[NOIF]] – a Notice of Intent to form a new GNSO constituency.
* [[NOIF]] – a Notice of Intent to form a new GNSO constituency.
* [[RFC]] – A Request For Comments is a series of organizational and technical documents containing specifications and policies pertaining to aspects of the Internet, such as computer networking, protocols, procedures, programs, and concepts, meeting notes, and opinions that have been prepared by the ISOC, particularly its Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Architecture Board, or the Internet Research Task Force.
* [[Registrar Accreditation Agreement]] – the contract that governs the relationship between ICANN and its accredited registrars.
* [[Registrar Accreditation Agreement]] – the contract that governs the relationship between ICANN and its accredited registrars.
* [[Registry Agreement]] – a generic document constructed by ICANN and the community at large to formalize a relationship between the designated Registry of a TLD and ICANN.
* [[Registry Agreement]] – a generic document constructed by ICANN and the community at large to formalize a relationship between the designated Registry of a TLD and ICANN.
* [[SOI]] – The Statement of Interest is an application completed by any individual who wishes to be selected for membership by an ICANN body.
* [[SOI]] – The Statement of Interest is an application completed by any individual who wishes to be selected for membership by an ICANN body.
* [[STI]] – Specific Trademark Issues refers to a resolution adopted by the GNSO on 28 October 2009 concerning a review of the policy implications of protection mechanisms in light of the new gTLD Program.
* [[STI]] – Specific Trademark Issues refers to a resolution adopted by the GNSO on 28 October 2009 concerning a review of the policy implications of protection mechanisms in light of the new gTLD Program.
* [[TOR]] – Terms of Reference are a drafted set of questions that act as the basis for an internal or independent review of an organization within ICANN or a new feature to be released by ICANN.
* [[TOR]] – Terms of Reference are a drafted set of questions that act as the basis for an internal or independent review of an organization within ICANN or a new feature to be released by ICANN.
* [[White Paper]] an official government report prepared by an individual or a group of individuals who conducted relevant research on particular issues; the document that set the stage for the incorporation of ICANN.
* [[White Paper]] – an official government report prepared by an individual or a group of individuals who conducted relevant research on particular issues; the document that set the stage for the incorporation of ICANN.
==Internet Architecture==
==Internet Architecture==
* [[Registry]] – a database of all domain names registered under a certain TLD.
* [[Registry]] – a database of all domain names registered under a certain TLD.
* [[Root Zone]] – the highest level of the DNS structure, this database contains the names and the numeric IP addresses for all TLDs.
* [[Root Zone]] – the highest level of the DNS structure, this database contains the names and the numeric IP addresses for all TLDs.
* [[TAS]] – the official online application system implemented by ICANN.
* [[Trademark Clearinghouse]] – The database of trademarks established by ICANN to enhance the protection of intellectual property on the Internet.
* [[Trademark Clearinghouse]] – The database of trademarks established by ICANN to enhance the protection of intellectual property on the Internet.
* [[Unicode]] – a character coding system designed to support the worldwide interchange, processing, and display of the written texts.
* [[Unicode]] – a character coding system designed to support the worldwide interchange, processing, and display of the written texts.
===Protocols===
===Protocols===
* [[DNSSEC]] – extensions that enable communication authentication between hosts and DNS data, while ensuring data integrity.
* [[DNSSEC]] – extensions that enable communication authentication between hosts and DNS data, while ensuring data integrity.
* [[ENUM]] – Electronic Numbering is a protocol developed by the IETF's Telephone Number Mapping Working Group, which used DNS architecture and protocol to identify available services associated with E.164.
* [[ENUM]] – Electronic Numbering is a protocol developed by the IETF's Telephone Number Mapping Working Group, which used DNS architecture and protocol to identify available services associated with E.164.
* [[EPP]] – Extensible Provisioning Protocol is an XML-based protocol used by registrars and registries in managing domain names (register, renew, modify, delete, transfer) in a Shared Registry System environment.
* [[EPP]] – Extensible Provisioning Protocol is an XML-based protocol used by registrars and registries in managing domain names (register, renew, modify, delete, transfer) in a Shared Registry System environment.
* [[FTP]] – a TCP/IP-based network protocol to transmit files from one computer to another through the Internet.
* [[HTTP]] – Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a standard networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia systems used on the World Wide Web since 1990.
* [[HTTP]] – Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a standard networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia systems used on the World Wide Web since 1990.
* [[IP]] – Internet Protocol is the means by which data is sent from one computer to another via an Internet connection.
* [[IP]] – Internet Protocol is the means by which data is sent from one computer to another via an Internet connection.
==Organizations==
==Organizations==
* [[AFRINIC]] – the RIR for Africa and the Indian Ocean
* [[APNIC]] – the RIR for the Asia Pacific region.
* [[APNIC]] – the RIR for the Asia Pacific region.
* [[APTLD]] – the Association for ccTLD registries in the Asia Pacific region
* [[APTLD]] – the Association for ccTLD registries in the Asia Pacific region
* [[ARIN]] – the RIR for Canada, the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean
* [[ARIN]] – the RIR for Canada, the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean
* [[ASIP]] – a non-profit organization, based in Jordan, for developing and modernizing intellectual property laws and systems in Arab countries.
* [[ASIP]] – a non-profit organization, based in Jordan, for developing and modernizing intellectual property laws and systems in Arab countries.
==Processes==
==Processes==
===Functioning of the Internet===
===Functioning of the Internet===
* [[IANA]] – managing the DNS root zone, the .int registry, and the .arpa zone; coordinating and allocating the global IP respectively AS number space to Regional Internet Registries; and providing the main repository for number registries and protocol names.
* [[IANA]] – managing the DNS root zone, the .int registry, and the .arpa zone; coordinating and allocating the global IP respectively AS number space to Regional Internet Registries; and providing the main repository for number registries and protocol names.
* [[Internet governance]] – the development of norms and principles relating to how the Internet functions by a group of stakeholders including governments, organizations, and commissions and the regulation and administration of those principals by the parties involved.
* [[Internet governance]] – the development of norms and principles relating to how the Internet functions by a group of stakeholders including governments, organizations, and commissions and the regulation and administration of those principals by the parties involved.
* [[SRS]] – Ensuring a Shared Registry System means that an unlimited number of registrars may compete in the domain name registration business by using one shared registry.
* [[SRS]] – Ensuring a Shared Registry System means that an unlimited number of registrars may compete in the domain name registration business by using one shared registry.
===Mechanisms===
===Mechanisms===
* [[ICANN Accountability|Accountability Mechanisms]] – the four tools with which to review and reconsider ICANN’s actions included in the ICANN Bylaws (Empowered Community, Reconsideration, Independent Review Process, and Ombudsman).
* [[ICANN Accountability|Accountability Mechanisms]] – the four tools with which to review and reconsider ICANN’s actions included in the ICANN Bylaws (Empowered Community, Reconsideration, Independent Review Process, and Ombudsman).
* [[UDRP]] – The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy is a set of ICANN guidelines for resolving disputes over domain name registration.
* [[UDRP]] – The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy is a set of ICANN guidelines for resolving disputes over domain name registration.
* [[URS]] – The Uniform Rapid Suspension System provides trademark owners with a quick, low-cost process to take down websites that infringe on their intellectual property rights.
* [[URS]] – The Uniform Rapid Suspension System provides trademark owners with a quick, low-cost process to take down websites that infringe on their intellectual property rights.
===Practices===
===Practices===
* [[Data Escrow]] – storing data with a neutral third party in case of registry or registrar failure, accreditation termination, or accreditation relapse without renewal.
* [[Data Escrow]] – storing data with a neutral third party in case of registry or registrar failure, accreditation termination, or accreditation relapse without renewal.
* [[Net Neutrality]] – determining the degree to which Internet Service Providers can selectively promote certain Internet content and applications to their customers, whether through Zero-Rating, paid prioritization, or other means.
* [[Net Neutrality]] – determining the degree to which Internet Service Providers can selectively promote certain Internet content and applications to their customers, whether through Zero-Rating, paid prioritization, or other means.
* [[SEO]] – Search Engine Optimization is a process undertaken by webmasters to increase the number of visitors to a particular website by trying to move up its ranking on a search engine's search results page.
* [[SEO]] – Search Engine Optimization is a process undertaken by webmasters to increase the number of visitors to a particular website by trying to move up its ranking on a search engine's search results page.
* [[Spam]] Sending unsolicited bulk emails, with substantively identical content, to recipients who have not granted permission for the message to be sent.
* [[Vertical Integration]] – A single body handling the Registry Operator and the Registrar.
* [[Vertical Integration]] – A single body handling the Registry Operator and the Registrar.
====DNS Abuse ====
* [[Botnet Attacks]] – infecting Internet-connected computers with malware and commanding them to perform activities under the control of a remote administrator.
* [[Cybersquatting]] – attempting to profit by purchasing domain names made of marketable and trademark-related terms and later reselling or licensing those names back to the companies that developed the trademark
* [[DDoS Attack]] – flooding a victim site with incoming traffic that originates from many different sources, making it impossible to access the site or stop the attack by blocking a single source.
* [[DNS hijacking]] – redirecting victims to the attacker’s site instead of the one initially requested.
* [[DNS poisoning]] – causing a DNS resolver to respond with a false IP address bearing malicious code.
* [[Malware]] – installing malicious software, such as viruses, spyware, or ransomware, on a device without the user’s consent, to disrupt the device’s operations, gather sensitive information, or access private computer systems.
* [[Pharming]] – redirecting unknowing users to fraudulent sites or services through DNS hijacking or poisoning.
* [[Phishing]] – the acquisition of personal and financial information through deceptive means such as fraudulent emails, copies of legitimate websites, brand spoofing, and carding.
* [[Typosquatting]] – the intentional registration of misspellings of popular website addresses to garner traffic; aka URL hijacking.
== Timeframes ==
== Timeframes ==
=== Domain Lifecycle ===
=== Domain Lifecycle ===
* [[Add Grace Period]] the days after a domain is registered when it may be reversed; the registrar can receive credit from the registry operator for any deleted domains, and the registrant can receive a refund.
* [[Add Grace Period]] – the days after a domain is registered when it may be reversed; the registrar can receive credit from the registry operator for any deleted domains, and the registrant can receive a refund.
* [[Auto-Renew Grace Period]] – Optional period of 0 to 45 days after expiration during which the registrar may allow a registrant to renew a domain name.
* [[Pending Delete]] – A mandatory 5-day period following the RGP, when the domain name is available for re-registration.
* [[RGP]] – The Redemption Grace Period is when a registrant can apply to recover/retrieve a domain name after the domain name has been canceled.
* [[RGP]] – The Redemption Grace Period is when a registrant can apply to recover/retrieve a domain name after the domain name has been canceled.