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→History of Intellectual Property
==History of Intellectual Property==
==History of Intellectual Property==
===The Ancient Greece===
===Ancient Greece===
The beginnings of intellectual property can be traced back to Ancient Greece, around 500 B.C.E. The chefs in the Greek colony of Sybarias were the first holders of year-long monopolies in creating a particular recipe. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy cited the accounts written in American Patent and Copyright Law, written by Bruce Bugbee in 1967, that the first violation of intellectual property during the ancient times was revealed by Vitruvius (257-180 B.C.E.), a judge in a literary contest in Alexandria. He exposed false poets who used the words and phrases of others and they were tried, convicted and disgraced.<ref>
The beginnings of intellectual property can be traced back to Ancient Greece, around 500 B.C.E. The chefs in the Greek colony of Sybarias were the first holders of year-long monopolies for creating a particular recipe. The first violation of intellectual property during the ancient times was revealed by Vitruvius (257-180 B.C.E.), a judge in a literary contest in Alexandria. He exposed false poets who used the words and phrases of others and were tried, convicted, and disgraced.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ History of Intellectual Property Ancient Greece]</ref>
[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ History of Intellectual Property Ancient Greece]</ref>
===The Roman Period===
===The Roman Period===
During the Roman period, Fidentinus was caught reciting the words or Martial without citing his source. Although punishments were enforced to those individuals who use the words of others during the Ancient Greek or Roman times, there is no recorded Roman Law written for the protection of Intellectual Property.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ History of Intellectual Property Roman Times]</ref>
During the Roman period, Fidentinus was caught reciting the words of Martial without citing his source. Although punishments were enforced to those individuals who used the words of others during the Ancient Greek or Roman times, there is no recorded Roman Law written for the protection of Intellectual Property.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ History of Intellectual Property Roman Times]</ref>
===The Florentine Republic===
===The Florentine Republic===
During the birth of the Florentine Republic, historical accounts revealed that franchise, privileges and royal favors were granted to individuals for their works and inventions. According to Bugbee, the Florentine Republic issued the first statutes protecting the rights of authors and inventors of products from their intellectual creations on June 14, 1421 to a famous architect named Filippo Brunelleschi. The Florentine Patent Statute of 1421 became the basis of the first lasting intellectual property institution, written in the Venetian Republic statute of 1474, which was established 150 years prior to England's Statute of Monopolies.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ Intellectual Property during the Florentine Republic]</ref>
During the birth of the Florentine Republic, historical accounts revealed that franchise, privileges, and royal favors were granted to individuals for their works and inventions. The Florentine Republic issued the first statute protecting the rights of an author or inventor of products for his intellectual creations on June 14, 1421, to a famous architect named Filippo Brunelleschi. The Florentine Patent Statute of 1421 became the basis of the first lasting intellectual property institution, written in the Venetian Republic statute of 1474, which was established 150 years prior to England's Statute of Monopolies.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/ Intellectual Property during the Florentine Republic]</ref>
The person to receive the first actual Patent of Monopoly in Venice was John of Speyer, a German printer. He was given the exclusive right to print without opposition based on customary law, and it was later confirmed with a written pronouncement by means of statute of administrative decree.<ref>[http://www.compilerpress.ca/Library/Prager%20History%20of%20IP%201545-1787%20JPOS%201944.htm#1469:_Patent_of_John_of_Speyer_[191[_ Prager History of Intellectual Property]</ref> During this period, inventions were officially evaluated and examined by experts before a patent was granted. Two recorded copyright and patents were enforced in Venice. Copyrights were also granted in Venice around the 1500's for new and old books. However, commerce in Venice declined and the development of copyright was subdued by Church and State Censorship.
===The Statute of Monopolies===
===The Statute of Monopolies===
Based on historical accounts, the first law enacted for the protection of Intellectual Property was the English Statute of Monopolies of 1623, which serves as the original basis of Anglo-American Patent Law. The statute defined inventions as new and patents are granted for a limited time of 14 years, and ended the granting of rights to ideas or works the are not original and are already being used by the general public.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ja1/21/3 Statute of Monopolies 1623]</ref>
Based on historical accounts, the first law enacted for the protection of Intellectual Property was the English Statute of Monopolies of 1623, which served as the original basis of Anglo-American Patent Law. The statute defined inventions as new, and patents lasted for a limited time of 14 years. The statute ended the granting of rights to ideas or works the were not original and already used by the general public.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ja1/21/3 Statute of Monopolies 1623]</ref>
===Statute of Anne===
===Statute of Anne===
The first modern copyright law was enacted April 10, 1710. Known as Statute of Anne (Anno Octavo, Annae Reginae), it was "an act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned." The law granted an individual 14 years of copyright, though his assignee or assignees are given the right to renew to print or reprint the book for another fourteen years. Part of the Statute reads:
''Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing, Reprinting,and Publishing, or causing to be Printed, Reprinted, and Published Books,and other Writings, without the Con-sent of the Authors or Proprietors of such Books and Writings, to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Fami-lies: For Preventing therefore such Practices for the future, and for the Encouragement of Learned Men to Compose and Write use-ful Books; May it please Your Majesty, that it may be Enacted, and be it Enacted by the Queens most Excellent Majesty,...(Statute of Anne 1710, Great Britain)''
''Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing, Reprinting,and Publishing, or causing to be Printed, Reprinted, and Published Books, and other Writings, without the Con-sent of the Authors or Proprietors of such Books and Writings, to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Fami-lies: For Preventing therefore such Practices for the future, and for the Encouragement of Learned Men to Compose and Write use-ful Books; May it please Your Majesty, that it may be Enacted, and be it Enacted by the Queens most Excellent Majesty, ...(Statute of Anne 1710, Great Britain)''<ref>[http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html Statute of Anne 1710]</ref>
===Connecticut Copyright Statute===
===Connecticut Copyright Statute===
===US Federal Copyright Act of 1790===
===US Federal Copyright Act of 1790===
The United States Congress enacted the US Copyright Act of 1790, an act that secured the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors and proprietors of such materials, giving them the sole right and liberty to print, reprint, publish and sell for the period of fourteen years. The copyright owner must be a citizen of the United States and the copyright can be further renewed by himself, his executors, administrators or assigns for an additional fourteen years.<ref>[http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~epflugfe/McGuffey%20project/624.4.html Copyright Act of 1790]</ref> Note that the Copyright Act of 1790 protects only a few materials such as books, charts and maps and it is still an adaptation of the Statute of Anne.
The United States Congress enacted the US Copyright Act of 1790, an act that secured the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors and proprietors of such materials, giving them the sole right and liberty to print, reprint, publish and sell for the period of fourteen years. The copyright owner must be a citizen of the United States and the copyright can be further renewed by himself, his executors, administrators or assignees for an additional fourteen years.<ref>[http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~epflugfe/McGuffey%20project/624.4.html Copyright Act of 1790]</ref>
===Revised US Copyright Law of 1831===
===Revised US Copyright Law of 1831===