Difference between revisions of "Internet"

Revision as of 22:02, 27 March 2015

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

The term Internet is used to describe the interconnected servers, computers, and networks that work through a standard protocol and provide the structure for information to be accessed on "The Web." In popular culture, the terms "Internet" and "Web" are sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the publicly-accessible websites and servers that can be reached using a Web browser. The Internet gives its users global broadcasting abilities, access to and the ability to add to world knowledge, as well as make it possible for collaboration regardless of location. ^[1]

History

United States

To counteract the perceived threat of Russian space exploration during the Cold War, the United States boosted investment in research and computer science. Fearing the potential destruction of the national telephone line network, the United States turned to J.C.R. Licklider, a psychologist and computer scientist at MIT and DARPA to develop a robust communication alternative.^[2] Beginning in 1962, Licklider strengthened his "Galactic Network" idea, which included an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites. After becoming the first head of DARPA's computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit.

It wasn't until Leonard Kleinrock pursued the feasibility of packet switching, a method of delivery that sends information in small packets, or portions through different routes, that the idea gained traction in a concrete manner. Kleinrock, along with a few other colleagues conducted an experiment including two computers used at different geographic points, one in Massachusetts and one in California. Using a low-speed dial-up line, the researchers developed a connection, testing the packet transmission. The experiment was a minor success, scientists in Stanford received the 'L' and 'O' of 'LOGIN', and the transmission crashed ARPA's fragile network. Regardless of its initial gaps, the "packet-switching" test proved to be instrumental in the formation of ARPANET. ^[1]

ARPANET

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was a branch of the United State's military and earliest iteration of the Internet. It used a packet-switching method to transmit information between various 'nodes' across the country. It was the first network to use TCP/IP, developed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn.

The nodes were delegated individually to different campuses located in Western and Northeastern United States. This process began in 1969 when BBN, a research and development firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, delivered the first Interface Message Processor, or IMP^[3] to Kleinrock at UCLA. Here, graduate students Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Bill Naylor, John Postel and Mike Wingfield worked to connect their node by hardware with their IMP. The work was a success and messages between the two machines passed without interference. Other deliveries to campuses followed shortly, and are included below:

ARPANET Nodes

Network Measurement Center at UCLA, led by Kleinrock
Stanford Research Institute (SRI), led by Doug Engelbert
Network Information Center, led by Elizabeth J. Feinler
UC Santa Barbara
University of Utah

ARPANET Email

The first public demonstration of ARPANET's capabilities was at the International Computer Communication Conference in October, 1972. This exhibition is thought to have inspired confidence in developing network technologies and support for further development. ^[4] In May of that year, Ray Tomlinson completed programming an application that would allow inter-network messaging, from user to user. The program expanded, giving users the ability to not only read messages, but file, forward and respond directly to messages. ^[2]

Beyond ARPANET, 1973

Having secured ARPANET's closed network, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf collaborated on connecting multiple networks. This project later transitioned into Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and would allow multiple networks to interact and stand alone with security separate from their interconnected family. This would also allow a decentralized approach to managing networks.

In the same year ARPANET made its first international connections to the University College of London and the Royal Radar Establishment of Norway. ^[4]

ICANN

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 http://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/Brief_History_of_the_Internet.pdf A Brief History of the Internet. Leiner, Cerf, Clark, Kahn, Kleinrock, Lynch, Postel, Roberts, Wolff. Internet Society. 19 Mar 2015
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet. History.com Staff. History.com. 20 Mar 2015
↑ http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm. Michael Hauben. Retrieved 26 Mar 2015
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 http://www.newmedia.org/history-of-the-internet.html?page=2 The New Media Institute. 20 Mar 2015

[Hx_of_Internet-1] 1.0 ^1.1 http://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/Brief_History_of_the_Internet.pdf A Brief History of the Internet. Leiner, Cerf, Clark, Kahn, Kleinrock, Lynch, Postel, Roberts, Wolff. Internet Society. 19 Mar 2015

[Invention_of_Internet-2] 2.0 ^2.1 http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet. History.com Staff. History.com. 20 Mar 2015

[Living_Internet-3] ttp://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm. Michael Hauben. Retrieved 26 Mar 2015

[Hx_1970s-4] 4.0 ^4.1 http://www.newmedia.org/history-of-the-internet.html?page=2 The New Media Institute. 20 Mar 2015

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ===ARPANET===
-The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was a branch of the United State's military. It used the packet-switching method to transmit information between various 'nodes' across the country. It is considered to be a technical predecessor to the Internet. It was the first network to use TCP/IP, developed for [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Robert Kahn]].
+The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was a branch of the United State's military and earliest iteration of the Internet. It used a packet-switching method to transmit information between various 'nodes' across the country. It was the first network to use [[TCP/IP]], developed by [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Robert Kahn]].
-The nodes were delegated individually to different campuses located in Western and Northeastern United States. This process began in 1969 when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBN_Technologies BBN], a research and development firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, delivered the first Interface Message Processor, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor IMP]<ref name="Living Internet">http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm. Michael Hauben. Retrieved 26 Mar 2015</ref> to Kleinrock at UCLA.
+The nodes were delegated individually to different campuses located in Western and Northeastern United States. This process began in 1969 when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBN_Technologies BBN], a research and development firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, delivered the first Interface Message Processor, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor IMP]<ref name="Living Internet">http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm. Michael Hauben. Retrieved 26 Mar 2015</ref> to Kleinrock at UCLA. Here, graduate students [[Vinton Cerf]], [[Steve Crocker]], [[Bill Naylor]], [[John Postel]] and [[Mike Wingfield]] worked to connect their node by hardware with their IMP. The work was a success and messages between the two machines passed without interference. Other deliveries to campuses followed shortly, and are included below:
 '''ARPANET Nodes'''