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===United States===
===United States===
To counteract the perceived threat of Russian space exploration during the Cold War, the United States boosted investment in research and computer science. Fearing the potential destruction of the national telephone line network, the United States turned to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider J.C.R. Licklider], a psychologist and computer scientist at MIT and DARPA to develop a robust, defensive alternative.<ref name="Invention of Internet">History.com Staff. [http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet]. Retrieved 20 Mar 2015</ref>
To counteract the perceived threat of Russian space exploration during the Cold War, the United States boosted investment in research and computer science. Fearing the potential destruction of the national telephone line network, the United States turned to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider J.C.R. Licklider], a psychologist and computer scientist at MIT and [[DARPA]] to develop a robust, defensive alternative.<ref name="Invention of Internet">History.com Staff. [http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet]. Retrieved 20 Mar 2015</ref>
Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites. After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."
Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites. After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."