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<br /><div style="color: #FFF; background-color: #0d8323; padding: 5px 10px; border: 1px solid #466f81;"><big>Article of the Week</big></div><div style="padding: 10px;">

<br /><div style="color: #FFF; background-color: #0d8323; padding: 5px 10px; border: 1px solid #466f81;"><big>Article of the Week</big></div><div style="padding: 10px;">

<big><b>[[VoIP]]</b></big>

<big><b>[[Vertical Integration]]</b></big>

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[[VoIP]], or Voice over Internet Protocol, is the transmission of voice traffic over Internet protocol ([[IP]])-based networks. VoIP systems use session control protocols, which control the set-up and overall tear-down of calls and audio codecs, guaranteeing the digital audio transmission of speech over an IP network. To create a VoIP connection, a user establishes a hi-speed broadband connection over a router and a VoIP gateway. The VoIP gateway is a network device which helps to convert voice and fax calls between a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and an Internet Protocol (IP) network. This gateway is placed somewhere in direct proximity to the connected Internet service. It converts the analog signals into digital format, which are in turn bifurcated into smaller 'packets.' This process is similar to the data transmission that takes place in a computer. These packets, embedded with instructions, are then sent to their final destination. Once this process is over, these packets pass through (with instructions from the other side) another gateway where they are reconverted into the normal analog format by the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

[[Vertical Integration]] (VI, or Cross Ownership) is a business structure in which the various functions of the [[Registry Operator]] and the [[Registrar]] are handled by a single body. This single body is either owned or is under supervision of the same company that supports the specific [[gTLD]]; alternatively, the controlling body can be a partnered company that is given the contract of the gTLD. The Registry Operator is not required to provide equivalent access and non-discriminatory access to non-affiliated registrars to sell names under its gTLD. Related policies are developed by ICANN's [[Vertical Integration Working Group]] (VIWG). Vertical Integration was banned by ICANN for much of its history, requiring instead [[Vertical Separation]]; but in November 2010, the [[ICANN Board]] changed its position on Vertical Separation and moved to implement Vertical Integration to foster greater innovation, competition, and presumably provide the consumer with differentiated and lower-priced options.

<strong>([[VoIP|Read the full article...]])</strong>

<strong>([[Vertical Integration|Read the full article...]])</strong>

<div style="float:right;"><small><strong>Related: [[Internet Protocol]] - [[IPv6]] - [[IPv4]]</strong></small></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div>

<div style="float:right;"><small><strong>Related: [[Registry Operator]] - [[Vertical Separation]] - [[Registrar]]</strong></small></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div>

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