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New gTLD Program (view source)

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The '''New gTLD Program''' is a current program to add an unlimited number of new [[gTLD]]s to the [[Root Zone|root zone]]. The program's goal is to enhance competition, innovation, and consumer choice.<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/program About the New gTLD Program icann.org]</ref> The first application round started on January 12th, 2012, and ended on April 20th, 2012, during which time [[New gTLD Applicants|applicants]] applied via the [[TAS|TLD Application System]] (TAS) to run the registry for the TLD that they choose. The application window was supposed to close on April 12th, but due to a glitch in the TAS system the system was shut down for a period of time before it reopened for a one week window to allow applicants to finish using the system.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/8511-tas-glitch-not-an-attack-says-icann TAS glitch “not an attack” says ICANN], DomainIncite.com. Published 12 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.</ref>
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The aim of the '''New gTLD Program''' is to add an unlimited number of new [[gTLD]]s to the [[Root Zone|root zone]] in order to enhance competition, innovation, and consumer choice.<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/program About the New gTLD Program icann.org]</ref> The first application round started on January 12, 2012, and ended on April 20, 2012, during which [[New gTLD Applicants|applicants]] applied via the [[TAS|TLD Application System]] (TAS) to run the registry for the TLD of their choice. The application window was supposed to close on April 12. Due to a glitch, the TAS system was shut down for a period of time before it reopened for a one-week window to allow users to finish their applications.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/8511-tas-glitch-not-an-attack-says-icann TAS glitch “not an attack” says ICANN], DomainIncite.com. Published 12 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.</ref>
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In April 2012, after closure of registration for the ICANN New gTLD Program, it was revealed that there were 1,268 applicants in the program.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-expects-at-least-1268-new-gtld-applications/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+DomainIncite+%28DomainIncite.com%29 ICANN Expects At Least 1268 New gTLD Applications, DomainIncite.com]</ref> On June, 13th ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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In April 2012, after the closure of registration for the ICANN New gTLD Program, it was revealed that there were 1,268 applicants in the program.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-expects-at-least-1268-new-gtld-applications/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+DomainIncite+%28DomainIncite.com%29 ICANN Expects At Least 1268 New gTLD Applications, DomainIncite.com]</ref> On June, 13th ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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<center>See complete lists of:<br><big>[[All New gTLD Applications]] &#151;[[New gTLD Generic Applications|Generic Applications]] &#151; [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|Geographic Applications]] &#151; [[New gTLD Brand Applications|Brand Applications]] &#151; [[New gTLD IDN Applications|IDN Applications]]</big></center><br/>
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<center>See complete lists of:<br><big>[[All New gTLD Applications]] - [[New gTLD Generic Applications|Generic Applications]] - [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|Geographic Applications]] - [[New gTLD Brand Applications|Brand Applications]] [[New gTLD IDN Applications|IDN Applications]]</big></center><br/>
    
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
 
The different types of new gTLD applications:<ref>[http://urbanbrain.jp/en/new-gtld/application-types/ New gTLD Application Types]</ref>  
 
The different types of new gTLD applications:<ref>[http://urbanbrain.jp/en/new-gtld/application-types/ New gTLD Application Types]</ref>  
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* [[New gTLD Generic Applications|Standard or Generic TLD]] - under this type of application, the proposed new gTLD is open to the public for registration. The string does not have any restriction. These are mostly generic terms, though some applications for generic terms, most notably by [[Amazon]] and [[Google]] propose restricting the use of the TLD to solely corporate purposes
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* [[New gTLD Generic Applications|Standard or Generic TLD]] - under this type of application, the proposed new gTLD is open to the public for registration. The string does not have any restrictions. These are mostly generic terms, though some applications for generic terms, most notably by [[Amazon]] and [[Google]] propose restricting the use of the TLD to solely corporate purposes
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* [[Community gTLD|Community TLD]] - the proposed new gTLDs under this application are restricted to a specific community with high degree of social awareness. The application should be strongly supported by the community.  Examples of community TLDs include: [[.catholic]], [[.thai]], [[.aarp]]
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* [[Community gTLD|Community TLD]] - the proposed new gTLDs under this application are restricted to a specific community with a high degree of social awareness. The application should be strongly supported by the community.  Examples of community TLDs include: [[.catholic]], [[.thai]], [[.aarp]]
 
* [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|Geographical TLD]] - This type of application represents a particular city or region; support of the local government is required for these TLDs, examples include: [[.nyc]], [[.berlin]], [[.tokyo]]
 
* [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|Geographical TLD]] - This type of application represents a particular city or region; support of the local government is required for these TLDs, examples include: [[.nyc]], [[.berlin]], [[.tokyo]]
 
* [[New gTLD Brand Applications|Brand TLD]] - companies and organizations will be able to apply for their own TLDs using their brand names and trademarks. For example: [[.unicef]], [[.motorola]], [[.hitachi]], [[.deloitte]]
 
* [[New gTLD Brand Applications|Brand TLD]] - companies and organizations will be able to apply for their own TLDs using their brand names and trademarks. For example: [[.unicef]], [[.motorola]], [[.hitachi]], [[.deloitte]]
    
===Historical Background===
 
===Historical Background===
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ICANN has been working on adding new extensions for years, and the current "new" gTLD program is actually the 4th round of gTLD expansion. The prior rounds were limited and specific: in 2000 there was a "proof of concept round", a round of [[sTLD]]s in 2003, and an ongoing process to introduce [[IDN ccTLD]]s.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/watch-icann-approve-some-new-gtlds/ Watch ICANN Approve Some New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref> After the results of the 2000 and 2003 expansions of new gTLDs, a [[PDP|Policy Development Process]] in connection with the introduction of new gTLDs was developed by the [[Generic Names Supporting Organization]] (GNSO), which lasted from 2005 until 2007. During this Policy Development Process, the GNSO conducted extensive and detailed consultations with all constituencies within the ICANN global internet community. In 2008, 19 Specific Policy Recommendations were adopted by the ICANN Board for the implementation of new gTLDs, which describe the specifics of allocation and the contractual conditions. ICANN involved the global internet community in an open, inclusive and transparent implementation process to comment, review and provide their input toward creating the Applicant Guidebook for New gTLDs. The protection of intellectual property, community interests, consumer protection, and DNS stability were addressed during the process. Different versions and multiple drafts of the Applicant Guidebook were released in 2008. By June 2011, the ICANN Board launched the New gTLD Program, at the same time approving the [[New gTLD Applicant Guidebook]].<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/about/program About the New gTLD Program]</ref> The Board announced the possibility of a 9th version of the Guidebook in January 2012, but the industry speculated that there was little chance that the changes would be more than clarification, as opposed to new rules and policies.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-confirms-possible-new-applicant-guidebook/ ICANN Confirms Possible New Applicant Guidebook, DomainIncite.com]</ref> The 9th version was released at the same time the application window opened, and as expected most of the changes were minor. One major change in the 9th version was greater power given to the [[Governmental Advisory Committee]] in forcing the [[ICANN Board]] to manually review any application that the GAC finds problematic. Exactly how many oppositions within the GAC would be necessary to cause Board consultation is vague, but it could be as few as one nation's objection. This change was made following a letter from U.S. Government Secretary [[Larry Strickling]], which noted that the GAC would have the power to create new procedure after reviewing the entire pool of applications; that letter is further detailed below.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/gac-gets-more-power-to-block-controversial-gtlds/ GAC Gets more Power to Block Controversial gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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ICANN has been working on adding new extensions for years, and the current "new" gTLD program is actually the 4th round of gTLD expansion. The prior rounds were limited and specific: in 2000 there was a "proof of concept round", a round of [[sTLD]]s in 2003, and an ongoing process to introduce [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]]s.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/watch-icann-approve-some-new-gtlds/ Watch ICANN Approve Some New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref> After the results of the 2000 and 2003 expansions of new gTLDs, a [[PDP|Policy Development Process]] in connection with the introduction of new gTLDs was developed by the [[Generic Names Supporting Organization]] (GNSO), which lasted from 2005 until 2007. During this Policy Development Process, the GNSO conducted extensive and detailed consultations with all constituencies within the ICANN global internet community. In 2008, 19 Specific Policy Recommendations were adopted by the ICANN Board for the implementation of new gTLDs, which describe the specifics of allocation and the contractual conditions. ICANN involved the global internet community in an open, inclusive and transparent implementation process to comment, review and provide their input toward creating the Applicant Guidebook for New gTLDs. The protection of intellectual property, community interests, consumer protection, and DNS stability were addressed during the process. Different versions and multiple drafts of the Applicant Guidebook were released in 2008. By June 2011, the ICANN Board launched the New gTLD Program, at the same time approving the [[Applicant Guidebook]].<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/about/program About the New gTLD Program]</ref> The Board announced the possibility of a 9th version of the Guidebook in January 2012, but the industry speculated that there was little chance that the changes would be more than clarification, as opposed to new rules and policies.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-confirms-possible-new-applicant-guidebook/ ICANN Confirms Possible New Applicant Guidebook, DomainIncite.com]</ref> The 9th version was released at the same time the application window opened, and as expected most of the changes were minor. One major change in the 9th version was greater power given to the [[Governmental Advisory Committee]] in forcing the [[ICANN Board]] to manually review any application that the GAC finds problematic. Exactly how many oppositions within the GAC would be necessary to cause Board consultation is vague, but it could be as few as one nation's objection. This change was made following a letter from U.S. Government Secretary [[Larry Strickling]], which noted that the GAC would have the power to create new procedure after reviewing the entire pool of applications; that letter is further detailed below.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/gac-gets-more-power-to-block-controversial-gtlds/ GAC Gets more Power to Block Controversial gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
    
===New gTLD Program Committee===
 
===New gTLD Program Committee===
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* [[Chris Disspain]] (Member)
 
* [[Chris Disspain]] (Member)
 
* [[Bill Graham]] (Member)
 
* [[Bill Graham]] (Member)
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* [[Olga Madruga-Forti]] (Member)
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* [[Alexander_Svensson]] (Member)
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* [[Erika Mann]] (Member)
   
* [[Gonzalo Navarro]] (Member)
 
* [[Gonzalo Navarro]] (Member)
 
* [[Ray Plzak]] (Member)
 
* [[Ray Plzak]] (Member)
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[[Name.Space]], which has been operating an alternative root since 1996, sued ICANN in October, 2012, for trademark infringement and anti-competitive behavior. The company is seeking an injunction against the implementation of any of the 189 [[TLD]]s applied for in the 2011 round that overlap with its alternative [[Root Zone|root zone]]. The suit alleges that the company is being victimized by "ICANN insiders". In the 2000 TLD expansion round, Name.Space applied to have 118 of its 482 alternative [[TLD]]s added into ICANN's root zone. The plaintiff is asking for damages and and the injunction to prevent ICANN's approval and root implementation of the 189 overlapping TLDs.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10754-company-files-for-injunction-against-189-new-gtlds Company Files for Injunction Against 189 New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
 
[[Name.Space]], which has been operating an alternative root since 1996, sued ICANN in October, 2012, for trademark infringement and anti-competitive behavior. The company is seeking an injunction against the implementation of any of the 189 [[TLD]]s applied for in the 2011 round that overlap with its alternative [[Root Zone|root zone]]. The suit alleges that the company is being victimized by "ICANN insiders". In the 2000 TLD expansion round, Name.Space applied to have 118 of its 482 alternative [[TLD]]s added into ICANN's root zone. The plaintiff is asking for damages and and the injunction to prevent ICANN's approval and root implementation of the 189 overlapping TLDs.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10754-company-files-for-injunction-against-189-new-gtlds Company Files for Injunction Against 189 New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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==Chinese version of this page/本页中文版==
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==Search performance==
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===新通用顶级域项目 ===
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The performance of new gTLDs in search is a question of great interest to current and potential future gTLD applicants, and will have a huge impact on uptake of new gTLDs in the future.  
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新通用顶级域项目是一项当前正在开展的项目，可以向 [[Root Zone|根区域]]添加无限数量的新 [[gTLD|通用顶级域]]。该项目的目标是增加竞争、创新和消费者选择。.<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/program About the New gTLD Program icann.org]</ref> 第一轮申请于2012年1月12日开始，于2012年4月20日结束，在此期间，[[New gTLD Applicants|申请人]]通过[[TAS|顶级域申请系统]]（TAS）为他们选择的顶级域申请运营注册局。该申请窗口本应于4月12日关闭，但是由于TAS系统出现了一个小故障，导致系统关闭了一段时间，之后又重新开启一周，允许申请人完成对系统的使用。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/8511-tas-glitch-not-an-attack-says-icann TAS glitch “not an attack” says ICANN], DomainIncite.com. Published 12 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.</ref>
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As of December 2014, no clear consensus has emerged. Some have found that new gTLDs perform as well as or better than original TLDs, <ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/20141210_early_data_suggests_new_gtlds_perform_well_in_search_environment/ Early data suggests new gTLDs perform well in search environment] Circleid, retrieved 17th December 2014.</ref> while others maintain that new gTLDs have no advantage in search.<ref>[http://domainnamewire.com/2014/12/15/new-tlds-search-results/ New TLDs search results] Domain Name Wire 15th December 2014, retrieved 17th December 2014.</ref>
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在2012年4月，结束对互联网名称与数字地址分配机构（ICANN）的“新通用顶级域项目”的注册以后，结果显示共有1,268名申请人参与该项目。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-expects-at-least-1268-new-gtld-applications/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+DomainIncite+%28DomainIncite.com%29 ICANN Expects At Least 1268 New gTLD Applications, DomainIncite.com]</ref>据6月13日（“揭晓日”）的结果显示，共有1,930份申请：其中有84份为[[Community gTLD|社区申请]]，116份为针对[[IDN|]国际化域名（IDN）]的申请，还有230份申请中包含一名或多名申请人，因此需要通过[[String Contention|字符串争用机制]] 来解决。这意味着“新通用顶级域项目”的首轮将最多产生1,409个新通用顶级域。<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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<center>查看以下类别申请的完整清单:<br><big>[[All New gTLD Applications|新通用顶级域的所有申请]] &#151;[[New gTLD Generic Applications|通用类申请]] &#151; [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|通用类申请]] &#151; [[New gTLD Brand Applications|品牌类申请]] &#151; [[New gTLD IDN Applications|国际化域名类（IDN）申请]]</big></center><br/>
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==概述==
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不同类型的新通用顶级域申请:<ref>[http://urbanbrain.jp/en/new-gtld/application-types/ New gTLD Application Types]</ref>
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* [[New gTLD Generic Applications|标准或通用类顶级域]] -在此类申请下，被提议的新通用顶级域面向公众开放注册。字符串没有任何限制。此类申请大部分都是通用类名称，但是部分通用类名称的申请，特别是[[Amazon|亚马逊]] 和 [[Google|谷歌]] 对通用类名称的申请，建议仅限以公司目的来使用这些顶级域。
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* [[Community gTLD|社区类顶级域]] -此类申请下被提议的新通用顶级域仅限于具有高度社会认知度的特定社区使用。申请应受到社区的强烈支持。社区顶级域的例子包括: [[.catholic]], [[.thai]], [[.aarp]]等。
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* [[New gTLD Geographic Applications|地理类顶级域]] -此类申请代表一个特定的城市或地区；此类顶级域需要当地政府的支持，例如: [[.nyc]], [[.berlin]], [[.tokyo]]等。
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* [[New gTLD Brand Applications|品牌类顶级域]] -公司和机构可以使用其品牌名称和商标申请属于他们自己的顶级域。比如: [[.unicef]], [[.motorola]], [[.hitachi]], [[.deloitte]]等。
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===历史背景===
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数年来，互联网名称与数字地址分配机构（ICANN）一直致力于添加新的扩展名，而目前的“新”通用顶级域项目实际上是通用顶级域的第四轮扩展。前几轮都具有局限性和针对性：在2000年，进行了一轮“概念验证”类扩展，在2003年进行了一轮赞助类[[sTLD顶级域（sTLD）|sTLD顶级域]]扩展，以及正在持续进行的引入[[IDN ccTLD|国际化的国家代码顶级域（IDN ccTLDs）]] 的过程。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/watch-icann-approve-some-new-gtlds/ Watch ICANN Approve Some New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>根据2000年和2003年的新通用顶级域的扩展结果，一项由[[Generic Names Supporting Organization|通用名称支持组织（GNSO）]]开发的与新通用顶级域的引入相关的[[PDP|政策制定流程（PDP）]]从2005年一直进行到2007年。在开发这个政策制定流程期间，GNSO与ICANN全球互联网社区内的所有成员进行了广泛而细致的磋商。在2008年，19个特定政策建议被ICANN董事会采纳用以实施新通用顶级域，其中对分配和合同条款进行了详细描述。ICANN让全球互联网社区参与了一次开放的、包容的和透明的实施过程，让他们对创建新通用顶级域的“申请人指南”进行评价、审查并提供建议。该过程期间涉及了知识产权保护、社区利益、消费者保护和DNS稳定性的问题。在2008年，申请人指南的不同版本和多次草稿得以发布。到2011年6月，ICANN董事会启动了新通用顶级域项目，同时批准了[[New gTLD Applicant Guidebook|新通用顶级域申请人指南]]。<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/about/program About the New gTLD Program]</ref>董事会宣布，在2012年1月有可能推出该指南的第9版，但是业内推测，更多的将是阐释而不是新规则和新政策，更改多于阐释的可能性很小。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-confirms-possible-new-applicant-guidebook/ ICANN Confirms Possible New Applicant Guidebook, DomainIncite.com]</ref>最终，第9版的推出与开放申请窗口在同一时间进行，并且不出所料，大部分的更改都是轻微的。第9版中的一个主要变动是授予[[Governmental Advisory Committee|政府咨询委员会（GAC）]] 更大的权力，从而强制[[ICANN Board|ICANN董事会]]GAC发现的任何有问题的申请进行人工审核。具体GAC内部要有多少异议才会导致董事会进行磋商并不确定，但是可以少至一个国家的反对。这一变更是在美国政府秘书[[Larry Strickling|拉里•斯特里克林（Larry Strickling）]]发出的一封信后做出的，信中提到GAC在审核全部申请后将拥有创建新程序的权力；信件详细内容见下文。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/gac-gets-more-power-to-block-controversial-gtlds/ GAC Gets more Power to Block Controversial gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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===新通用顶级域项目委员会===
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在2012年4月10日，[[ICANN Board|ICANN董事会]]创建了'''[[New gTLD Program Committee|新通用顶级域项目委员会]],'''，主要负责其章程中“董事会拥有的与新通用顶级域项目相关的所有法定权力和决策权”。然而，ICANN章程中第2章条款XII下其他与项目有关的禁止被授权的职责除外。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-10apr12-en.htm Establishment of New gTLD Program Committee]</ref>当前的成员包括：
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* [[Cherine Chalaby]] (主席)
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* [[Fadi Chehade]] (成员)
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* [[Chris Disspain]] (成员)
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* [[Bill Graham]] (成员)
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* [[Olga Madruga-Forti]] (成员)
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* [[Erika Mann]] (成员)
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* [[Gonzalo Navarro]] (成员)
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* [[Ray Plzak]] (成员)
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* [[George Sadowsky]] (成员)
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* [[Michael Silber]] (成员)
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* [[Kuo-Wei Wu]] (成员)
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* [[Heather Dryden]] (无表决权联络人)
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* [[Jonne Soininen]] (无表决权联络人)
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===新通用顶级域路演===
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为了引起人们对新通用顶级域项目的关注，[[ICANN CEO|ICANN的首席执行官]] [[Rod Beckstrom]]从2011年9月开始了一次世界巡回路演，并一直持续到12月。<ref>[http://blog.icann.org/2011/12/new-gtld-roadshows/ New gTLD Roadshows, Blog.ICANN.org]</ref> 此次巡回路演中，他本人亲自造访16个国家，而其他职员和董事会成员则造访了其他22个国家 。<ref>[https://twitter.com/#!/RodBeckstrom/status/150262824977969152 Twitter Post Dec 23 2011, Twitter.com]</ref>此次宣传也得到了主要新闻媒体的报道，比如CNN、卡塔尔半岛电视台（Al-Jazeera）、BBC、纽约时报等；部分针对巡回路演的报道对新通用顶级域项目表现出的态度是消极的。巡回路演仅被实际机构（ICANN）之外的极少数人认为是成功的，因为许多国家和公司依旧对该项目存有误解或知之甚少甚至一无所知。<ref>[https://omblog.icann.org/?p=527 ICANN Ombudsman Blog, OmBlog.ICANN.org]</ref><ref>[http://urbanbrain.posterous.com/new-gtld-outreach-hits-japan-well-grazes-it-a New gTLD Outreach Grazes Japan, UrbanBrain.Posterous.com]</ref> 在2012年1月，即通用顶级域项目启动前一周，由美国[[Department of Commerce|商务部]]的[[Larry Strickling|拉里•斯特里克林]]发至[[ICANN Chair|ICANN主席]] [[Steve Crocker|Steve Crocker]]的一封信件中对ICANN未能成功教育主要品牌和有关各方进行了谴责。<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_letter_on_gtld_program_jan_3_2012.pdf NTIA Letter on gTLD Program Jan 3 2012, NTIA.doc.gov]</ref>
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==申请流程==
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===申请系统===
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: ''主要文章: [[TAS]]''
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===申请人支持项目===
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: ''主要文章: 申请人支持项目 ([[ASP]])''
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申请人支持项目（ASP）是一项由[[JASWG|联合申请人支持工作组]]（JASWG）概念化的项目，旨在向经济困难的通用顶级域申请人提供折扣，从而确保新通用顶级域项目在世界范围的可使用性和该项目内部的竞争性。得到项目的接受后，可以把申请费用从$185,000减少至$47,000。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/board-briefing-materials-3-05jan12-en.pdf SARP (Support Applicant Review Panel) Process Document, icann.org]</ref>
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对ASP有意的实体可以通过三种途径参与:<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/candidate-support New gTLD Applicant Support Program]</ref>
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#初创型通用顶级域注册局通过申请人支持名录享受无偿服务——新通用顶级域申请人，尤其是来自发展中国家的申请人，可以利用ICANN社区中提供经济或非经济型无偿服务的成员提供的经济和技术信息或者协助。
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#申请经济援助——合格申请人将获得评估费用方面的减免。
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#申请人支持基金——ICANN拨出了200万美元作为种子基金用以帮助经济困难的申请人。
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在2012年2月3日，ICANN宣布其正在寻找志愿者，作为“支持申请人审查小组”（SARP）的成员，以负责评估新通用顶级域申请人是否有资格使用ASP提供的经济援助。<ref>
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[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-3-03feb12-en.htm ICANN Seeks Evaluators for the Support Applicant Review Panel (SARP) - Request for Expressions of Interest (EOI)]</ref>
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要求援助的新通用顶级域申请人清单可以通过[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/candidate-support/non-financial-support#candidates-seeking-support '''这里''']查询。
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===开放申请窗口===
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申请系统按预定时间在2012年1月12日周四大约世界标准时间（UTC）的午夜对外开放。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/icann-opens-new-gtld-program/ ICANN Opens New gTLD Program, DomainIncite.com]</ref> 在2012年1月19日，仅在[[ICANN]]开放新通用顶级域申请窗口后的一周，据其报道，已有25家公司在TAS系统上创建账户并且注册了新通用顶级域。然而，这并没有指出经过备案的申请数量是多少，因为考虑到每个TAS账户最多可以处理50份单独的申请。据一家名为[[Minds + Machines]]的公司透露，他们已经为其客户注册了20个扩展名。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/25-companies-register-for-new-gtlds/ 25 companies Register for New gTLDs, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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=== TAS延迟和关闭申请窗口===
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在2012年4月12日，仅距离预定的TAS申请窗口关闭前数小时，ICANN的首席运营官[[Akram Atallah]]发表了一项申明，承认顶级域申请系统软件中可能出现的一个小故障导致部分用户能够看到其他用户的文件名称和用户名。他说，为了保护申请人信息，ICANN决定关闭该系统直至4月17日。Atallah先生还说，ICANN正在调查导致这个问题出现的原因，并且将采取必要措施来解决这一问题。 <ref>
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[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-3-12apr12-en.htm Statement on TLD Application System]</ref>
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在Atallah发表申明之后，[[DomainIncite]]的[[Kevin Murphy]]报道说，一名申请人声称他在4月6日发现另一名申请人的一个文件被附加到他的申请中，于是他立即向ICANN上报了这个问题。这位申请人说：“我可以根据文件名称推断出申请人/字符串……”然而，该文件的实际内容是不可见的。这个TAS问题在互联网社区内部激起了不同的推测和质疑，尤其是TAS系统受到安全隐患的影响还要持续多久，申请人中有谁看到了其他申请，以及是否有申请人利用这个故障并提交了具有竞争性的报价。<ref>
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[http://domain.incite.com/icann-knew-about-tas-security-bug-last-week/ ICANN knew about TAS security bug last week]</ref><ref> [http://domainincite.com/its-worse-than-you-thought-tas-security-bug-leaked-new-gtld-applicant-data/ It’s worse than you thought: TAS security bug leaked new gTLD applicant data]</ref>
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在2012年4月14日，ICANN发表了另一份与TAS问题相关的申明。经互联网管理机构认定，3月19日的报告是唯一与此次技术故障有关的事件。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-14apr12-en.htm TAS Interruption - Update (14 April 2012 06:50 UTC)]</ref>
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ICANN继续延迟开放TAS系统，几乎没有提供什么解释，并首次提到此次延迟可能持续到4月20日。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-12apr12-en.htm TAS Temporarily Offline]</ref> <ref>
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[http://domainincite.com/breaking-icann-extends-new-gtld-application-window-after-technical-glitch/ Breaking: ICANN extends new gTLD application window after technical glitch]</ref>
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除了延迟开放申请窗口之外，ICANN还告知记者，该问题不是由网络攻击引起的，没有出现申请数据丢失的情况，而且TAS系统有望很快开放。<ref>[http://a.sw.io/4lpYmPg Was ICANN's new gTLDs system hacked?]</ref><ref>
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[http://domainincite.com/tas-glitch-not-an-attack-says-icann/ TAS glitch “not an attack” says ICANN]</ref>
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在2012年4月23日，ICANN宣布其能够确定所有受到TAS故障影响的申请人，而且用以修复系统的测试也正在顺利运行。此外，ICANN还宣布延迟发布所有已申请的新通用顶级域字符串，直至4月30日。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-23apr12-en.htm TAS Interruption Update, April 23]</ref>两天后，ICANN发布更新信息，告知申请人TAS将于4月27日重新开放。<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-25apr12-en TAS Interruption - Update (25 April 2012)]</ref> ICANN持续向互联网社区发布更新信息，告知用以解决系统问题的测试进度。在4月27日，互联网管理机构报道说，据其分析，仍有部分申请人受到影响，而用以改进系统的测试正在持续进行。ICANN再次延迟开放TAS系统，但是承诺将持续发布更新信息。<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-27apr12-en TAS Interruption - Update (27 April 2012)]</ref>
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在2012年4月30日，[[ICANN CEO]] [[Rod Beckstrom]]申明，他希望这个技术故障能够在他的任期满之前，并且在他于预定2012年6月29日在布拉格举行的 [[ICANN 44]]会议期间将职位移交给他的继任者之前解决。他说：'' “我希望我能够在布拉格移交接力棒之前，看到我们能够彻底解决这个技术性问题，告知申请人，重新开放窗口并且发布字符串。这不是在此刻的承诺，这绝对是代表着我作为首席执行官希望促使这个问题得以及时解决的意愿……如果我们能够更快地解决问题，那么则越快越好。” '' <ref>
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[http://domainincite.com/beckstrom-breaks-tas-bug-silence-says-big-reveal-could-be-as-late-as-prague/ Beckstrom breaks TAS bug silence, says Big Reveal could be as late as Prague]</ref>
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在2012年5月2日，ICANN报道，已注册用户已有1268位，系统离线时大约有95,000份文件附件可访问。其预计发生了455次文件名和用户名可能被另一名申请人看到的事件。它还确定有105名申请人的文件名和用户名被另一名申请人查看过，有50名申请人可能查看了一名或多名申请人的文件名和用户名。ICANN向互联网社区保证，其依旧在努力改进系统从而修复这个技术问题。<ref>
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[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-02may12-en TAS Interruption - Update (2 May 2012)]</ref> 在5月4日，ICANN发布消息称其收到的申请费用大约为3.5亿美元，但是在3月29日这个截止日期之前成功注册的214名潜在申请人的款项还没有收到。此外，互联网管理机构还报告说正在发送通知给各个申请人，告知他们是否受到软件的影响。通知过程预计在5月8日完成，而重新开放TAS系统的时间表则将在此后宣布。<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-04may12-en TAS Interruption - Update (4 May 2012)]</ref>
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ICANN在5月21日重新开放了顶级域申请系统。TAS系统整整停用了40天；这一故障的时长受到了ICANN的批评者以及支持者的批评。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/9026-tas-reopens-after-humiliating-40-days TAS reopens after humiliating 40 days, domainincite.com]</ref>截止2012年5月30日，所有的申请人都能够登陆、查看和提交他们的申请。<ref>[http://htl.li/1gPHZr TAS Interruption Update May 21, 2012]</ref>
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===揭晓日和后继事件===
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在揭晓日之后，发现有数名申请人的申请有误。作为对要求更改已提交申请的回应，ICANN开发了新通用顶级域申请更改请求流程和标准。请求通过新通用顶级域客户服务中心（CSC）进行提交，ICANN将根据以下7条标准来审核请求：
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#说明——是否提供了合理的说明？
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#证明之前的提交出错——是否可以证明如申请人声称，更改只是为了更改一个错误？
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#其他第三方受影响——更改是否会实质性地影响其他第三方？
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#先例——更改是否与其他已被批准的更改类似？更改是否会导致其他人要求进行类似的可能影响第三方的更改或者对项目导致不良影响？
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#对申请人的公平性——允许更改是否会被认为对普通社区是公平的？不允许更改是否会被认为是不公平的？
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#重要性——更改是否会影响评估得分或者需要重新评估部分或全部的申请？更改是否影响字符串争用或社区优先权考虑？
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#时间选择——时间上是否会在某种程度上影响评估进程？
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根据这样的比照结果，请求要么被批准，要么被拒绝，结果都将通知申请人。更改请求已被批准的申请人，其所做更改都将列在新通用顶级域的微型网站上，而且申请在进入申请流程的下一个阶段之前将至少被保留30天，这样公众就可以评论是否需要重新评估已做出的更改批准。对申请的机密部分进行的更改将被汇总并且不予公示，以此保护申请人的机密信息。<ref>[http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/customer-service/change-requests New gTLD Application Change Request Process and Criteria, icann.org]</ref>
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===公众评论和反对期===
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===分批处理/抽签系统===
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: ''主要文章：分 [[Batching|批处理]]''
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在[[Digital Archery|数字射箭]]项目失败后，ICANN仍需要一个有效的系统作为分批处理申请或者计量申请的一种方法，从而朝着每年实施1,000个新通用顶级域的目标发展。在2012年10月10日，ICANN宣布其已经设计出一种计量程序，用以决定处理申请的顺序，而且这将是一种人工抽签。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-10oct12-en.htm Announcement, ICANN.org]</ref>由于加利福尼亚州彩票法律的规定，类似于这样一个基于运气的流程起初并没有被ICANN采用，因为其总部位于加利福尼亚州。该组织后来申请了一项非营利性的“集资”豁免许可，从而获得运营这个彩票系统的权力。彩票的票价为100美元。抽签抽取的数字决定申请处理的顺序，首先发布初步评估，然后发布潜在竞争或正式反对，其来自[[GAC|政府咨询委员会（GAC）]]或者其他机构。已经通过初步评估并且没有其他未解决问题的申请人可以选择直接签署常规[[Registry Agreement|注册局协议]]，或者与[[ICANN]]商讨签署不同的协议。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-10oct12-en.htm Announcement 2 10Oct12, ICANN.org]</ref>彩票抽签于2012年12月中旬举行。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10729-new-gtld-winners-will-be-decided-by-lottery-after-all New gTLD Winners Will be Decided by Lottery After All, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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===授权===
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ICANN预计新的抽签/彩票系统应该可以加速新通用顶级域的实施，而授权预计将在2013年的第二季度开始，而非先前预计的2013年的第四季度或2014年的第一季度。初步评估结果将从2013年3月开始以每周150个的频率予以公布。合同签署和预授权测试将以大约每周20个的频率开展，这样在任何一年都将引入大约1,000个新通用顶级域。在此进程中， 国际化域名类（[[IDN]]） 新通用顶级域申请将被给予优先权，ICANN对此的解释是有利于互联网在全球范围内的更加多样化发展。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10729-new-gtld-winners-will-be-decided-by-lottery-after-all New gTLD Winners Will be Decided by Lottery After All, DomainIncite.com]</ref>
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===初步评估结果===
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在2013年3月22日，ICANN揭晓了第一批即将被评估为“通过” [[Initial Evaluation|初步评估]]的27个字符串。<ref>[http://domainincite.com/12352-first-27-new-gtlds-pass-evaluation First 27 New gTLDs pass Evaluation, DomainIncite.com] Published Mar 22, Retrieved March 29 2013</ref>  [[ICANN]]在2013年8月30日发布了一篇新闻稿，声称他们已到达了一个重大的里程碑并且宣布新[[gTLD|通用顶级域]]的初步评估已经结束。新闻稿中说：“在提交的1,930份新通用顶级域申请中，共有1,745份申请通过了初步评估，32份已经进入延期评估流程，而有121份申请从项目中撤回。”<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/press/releases/release-30aug13-en Press Release Aug 30, ICANN.org] Retrieved Sept 9, 2013</ref>
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==进一步进展==
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2012年10月，在加拿大多伦多举办的[[ICANN 45|ICANN 45届大会]] 上，[[Kurt Pritz]]公布了一些关于新通用顶级域项目的新消息。
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* 会议结束后应该很快会接到政府咨询委员会（[[GAC]]）的预先预警。
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* 在下一次于北京举办的ICANN会议之前，不会再进行合同签署和授权活动。
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* 7名申请人撤回了他们的申请，在反对流程中没有出现反对的情况，而更改请求共有127个。在这些更改请求中，已获批准的是29个，84个正在接受审核，而有14个还需要与申请人进行跟进。
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* [[String Similarity Panel|字符串相似性]]的分析工作将在11月进行。.
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* 地理类名称审核正在进行分析，结果预计在11月26日宣布。
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* [[Clarifying Questions|澄清问题测试]]试验已经开展，问题和调查问卷已于8月31日发送给各类申请人，回复的期限是9月17日。收到的统计结果如下：72%的调查对象说6000个字符的限制足够回答问题；一半以上（61%）的调查对象说金融性和技术性的澄清问题很清晰，一些反馈包括使用大纲模式取代段落，并要求ICANN披露当前评分，并提供符合要求的信用证范本和答案；一半以上的调查对象认为两周的时间不够回复澄清问题。
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* 申请人支持项目的申请人目前正在接受5人专家组的分析。
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* ICANN目前正在开发[[EBERO]]，即应急托管机构。他们计划用三个或者四个EBERO来代表北美、欧洲和亚洲。<ref>[http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/icann-45-new-gtld-overview-and-information-for-applicants-with-icann-cso-kurt-pritz ICANN 45: New gTLD Overview and Information for Applicants with ICANN CSO Kurt Pritz, thewhir.com]</ref>
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导致以上这几点滞后的最主要问题就是延迟发布“字符串相似性[[String Similarity Panel|审核小组]]”直至3月1日。这一问题导致了担忧，因为ICANN无法生成一个明确的规则用以定义如何将字符串归类为类似字符串，而且还有一个事实就是，“字符串相似性审核小组”的裁定是最终的，没有上诉程序。<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130121_a_serious_bug_in_the_similarity_check/ A Serious Bug in The Similarity Check, CircleId.com]Pub 21 Jan 2013, Retrieved 6 Feb 2013</ref>
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===封闭式通用字符串===
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在ICANN发布其1,930份申请信息后立即注意到，一些公司已经申请了许多与之业务相关的通用类名称，在其申请中写到他们想成为这些顶级域的唯一注册人。本轮没有对[[Brand TLD|品牌类顶级域]]进行特别考虑，但是有人猜想认为ICANN将在未来为此类顶级域创建规则。因此，封闭式通用名称没有违反任何规则，因为它们是根据[[GNSO|通用名称支持组织 （GNSO）]]流程开发的并且包含在申请人指南中。一些人提到，这其实是该项目的一种蓄意的副产品，已经提前考虑过，但其他人并不同意这个说法。<ref>User Summary, AM</ref>
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封闭式通用顶级域的最大申请人是[[Amazon|亚马逊]]，许多人担心他们申请控制大量的通用类名称将导致其绕过传统的在线购物方式，并让其享受不公平的竞争优势。另一个申请许多封闭式通用名称的著名客户就是[[L'Oréal|欧莱雅]]。<ref name="WTR">[http://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/daily/Detail.aspx?g=7be56061-2229-412c-8f71-55bc20932cd8&utm_source=buffer&buffer_share=c3e5d WorldTrademarkReview.com]</ref>  封闭式通用顶级域的最大申请人是[[Amazon|亚马逊]]，许多人担心他们申请控制大量的通用类名称将导致其绕过传统的在线购物方式，并让其享受不公平的竞争优势。另一个申请许多封闭式通用名称的著名客户就是[[L'Oréal|欧莱雅]]。[47]在2012年年末，亚马逊和其他申请封闭式通用字符串的公司收到了一份来自政府咨询委员会（GAC）主席[[Heather Dryden]]的[[GAC]]预先警报。预先警报系统是由GAC的一个成员发出，但表示更大的GAC组织可能会在之后发布正式的通知，建议[[ICANN Board|ICANN 董事会]]在不作任何更改的情形下拒绝顶级域的申请。收到警报的申请人应当与提出异议的代表合作以解决问题。这位德国代表也提出了有关封闭式通用顶级域的问题。<ref>[http://www.name.com/blog/ntlds/2013/01/the-gtld-land-grab-controversy-google-amazon-and-the-gac-part-ii/ The gTLD Land Grab Controversy Google Amazon and the GAC Part II, Name.com] Pub 14 Jan 2013, Retrieved 6 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+Early+Warnings GAC Early Warnings, GACweb.ICANN.org]</ref>
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随着进一步问题的出现，ICANN的新通用顶级域项目委员会关注了这个问题。2013年2月发布的ICANN 1月会议信息显示，他们甚至不清楚如何定义一个封闭式通用顶级域，其公共属性是什么，适当的补救策略应该是怎样的，而且进一步提到，申请和申请人指南之间并没有出现冲突，因此他们在没有收到[[GNSO|通用名称支持组织（GNSO）]]政策制定流程的进一步指示之前无法进行评论或更改政策。但是，他们在2013年2月5日设立了一个公众评论期，用以明确什么是封闭式通用顶级域，以及注册局可运作“封闭式”或“开放式”字符串的标准是什么。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-05feb13-en.htm Announcement, ICANN.org]5 February 2013</ref>
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反对封闭式通用顶级域的观点来自[[Microsoft|微软]]，他们注意到封闭式通用顶级域会给互联网竞争带来隐患，于是一场网上请愿在来自NewgTLDsite.com的Tom Gilles的牵头下开展起来。<ref name="WTR"></ref><ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2013/02/06/microsoft-is-latest-to-come-out-against-closed-generic-new-gtlds-in-letter-to-icann/ Microsoft is Latest to Come Out Against Closed Generic New gTLDs in Letter to ICANN, TheDomains.com] Published and Retrieved 6 Feb 2013</ref>
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''Chinese translation of this page provided thanks to [[TLD Registry]] Ltd.''
      
==References==
 
==References==
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