Changes

==Defensive Registration & Intellectual Property==

==Defensive Registration & Intellectual Property==

In 2002, Ben Edelman, an analyst at the [[Berkman Center for Internet and Society]], conducted a statistical analysis of registrations in the three early adopter ccTLDs, .cc, .tv. and .ws. Although the research represented only a snapshot of the TLD population at the time of his analysis, he nonetheless identified three findings that persist to be relevant in Open Use ccTLDs:

In 2002, Ben Edelman, an analyst at the [[Berkman Center for Internet and Society]], conducted a statistical analysis of registrations in the three early adopter ccTLDs, .cc, .tv. and .ws. Although the research represented only a snapshot of the TLD population at the time of his analysis, he nonetheless identified two findings that persist to be relevant in Open Use ccTLDs:

<blockquote>These results support the following claims:

<blockquote>These results support the following claims:

*Substantial defensive registrations. Approximately one third of famous name .CC and .TV domains are found to be held by the same entities that registered the corresponding .COMs. When such domains are not actively used, one likely inference is that the goal of each such registration was to prevent others from registering, using, or attempting to sell these domains; in other words, such registrations are likely to be defensive. Indeed, among sampled .CC, .TV, and .WS famous name domains registered to registrants of the corresponding .COM, not a single such ccTLD domain was put to active unique use in distributing content not otherwise available, and the majority were not used at all (showing only error messages or placeholders).

*Substantial defensive registrations. Approximately one third of famous name .CC and .TV domains are found to be held by the same entities that registered the corresponding .COMs. When such domains are not actively used, one likely inference is that the goal of each such registration was to prevent others from registering, using, or attempting to sell these domains; in other words, such registrations are likely to be defensive. Indeed, among sampled .CC, .TV, and .WS famous name domains registered to registrants of the corresponding .COM, not a single such ccTLD domain was put to active unique use in distributing content not otherwise available, and the majority were not used at all (showing only error messages or placeholders).

*Substantial cybersquatting. Of the registered .CC and .TV famous name domains, many are registered to entities other than the respective .COM firms. Some such registrants may have legitimate rights in the respective names. However, certain registrants have registered a large numbers of such domains, suggesting bad faith in registration; for example, one .WS registrant registered a total of 48 distinct domain names each used in .COM by a Fortune, Forbes, or Interbrand firm. Other open ccTLD domain registrations (including .COM famous names) include "for sale" or similar text in WHOIS data or on default web pages.

*Substantial cybersquatting. Of the registered .CC and .TV famous name domains, many are registered to entities other than the respective .COM firms. Some such registrants may have legitimate rights in the respective names. However, certain registrants have registered a large numbers of such domains, suggesting bad faith in registration; for example, one .WS registrant registered a total of 48 distinct domain names each used in .COM by a Fortune, Forbes, or Interbrand firm. Other open ccTLD domain registrations (including .COM famous names) include "for sale" or similar text in WHOIS data or on default web pages.

*Substantial speculative registration and warehousing. Of famous name and common noun registrations in ccTLDs, many report that they are reserved for future use. Top registrants of common nouns in .CC, .TV, and .WS have registered as many as 50 common nouns in a single open ccTLD.<ref>[https://cyber.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Edelman, Registrations in Open ccTLDs, July 2, 2002]</ref></blockquote>

<ref name="edelman">[https://cyber.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Edelman, Registrations in Open ccTLDs, July 2, 2002]</ref></blockquote>

 

[[WIPO]] case records reveal that both .tv and .cc are among the top ten sources of WIPO cases in the ccTLD space that were not otherwise governed by arbitration provisions.<ref>[https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/statistics/cctlds_yr.jsp WIPO Domain Name Disputes All-time - ccTLDs]</ref> The .ws domain has seen substantially fewer disputes, but many of those involved high-profile brands such as Nokia.<ref>One of the earliest .ws decisions resulted in the transfer of nokia.ws to Nokia Corporation: [https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2001/dws2001-0004.html WIPO Administrative Panel Decision - Nokia Corporation v. David Wills]</ref>

==References==

==References==

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