Changes

在2010年11月5日的一次特别会议期间，ICANN董事会对注册局和注册商[[Vertical Separation|纵向分离]]的立场有所改变。董事会取消了注册局协议中对交叉所有权的限制，而改为''"针对由于注册局注册商交叉所有权引起的任何不当或滥用行为的要求和限制……''"这些滥用行为不限于误用数据以及违反注册局行为准则。此外，ICANN还申明其将采取其他执行机制，比如自我审计要求、合同终止和惩罚性损害赔偿。而且，ICANN还强调“它将拥有向相关竞争管理机构递交争议的权力。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors, ICANN's Silicon Valley Office, Palo Alto, California, USA]</ref>

在2010年11月5日的一次特别会议期间，ICANN董事会对注册局和注册商[[Vertical Separation|纵向分离]]的立场有所改变。董事会取消了注册局协议中对交叉所有权的限制，而改为''"针对由于注册局注册商交叉所有权引起的任何不当或滥用行为的要求和限制……''"这些滥用行为不限于误用数据以及违反注册局行为准则。此外，ICANN还申明其将采取其他执行机制，比如自我审计要求、合同终止和惩罚性损害赔偿。而且，ICANN还强调“它将拥有向相关竞争管理机构递交争议的权力。<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors, ICANN's Silicon Valley Office, Palo Alto, California, USA]</ref>

===ICANN's Reasons for Policy Change on Vertical Separation===

=== ICANN对纵向分离政策做出变动的原因===

The ICANN Board enumerated ten reasons to support its policy change on vertical separation:<ref>

ICANN董事会列出了支持其纵向分离政策变动的十大理由:

[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/gac-board-registry-registrar-separation-21feb11-en.pdf ICANN Board-GAC Consultation:Registry-Registrar Separation, February 21, 2011]</ref>

<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/gac-board-registry-registrar-separation-21feb11-en.pdf ICANN Board-GAC Consultation:Registry-Registrar Separation, February 21, 2011]</ref>

# None of the proposals submitted by the GNSO reflected a consensus opinion; as a result, the Board supported a model based on its own factual investigation, expert analysis, and concerns expressed by stakeholders and community.

# GNSO提交的建议都没有反映一个一致性的观点；因此，董事会支持了一个基于其自身事实调查、专家分析和利益相关方及社区顾虑的模式。

# ICANN's position and mission must be focused on creating more competition as opposed to having rules that restrict competition and innovation.

# ICANN的立场和使命必须集中于促进更多的竞争，而不是设立限制竞争和创新的规则。

# Rules permitting cross-ownership foster greater diversity in business models and enhance opportunities offered by new TLDs.

#允许交叉所有权的规则能够培养更加多元化的商业模式并增加新顶级域带来的机遇。

# Rules prohibiting cross-ownership require more enforcement and can easily be circumvented.

#禁止交叉所有权的规定需要更强的执行力并且可以轻易被规避。

# Preventing cross-ownership would create more exposure to ICANN of lawsuits, including anti-trust lawsuits, which are costly to defend even if ICANN believes (as it does) that it has no proper exposure to such litigation.

#限制交叉所有权会让ICANN面临更多的法律诉讼，包括反垄断的诉讼，即使ICANN认为（事实亦如此）其不应面对此类诉讼，但是这些诉讼的辩护成本很高，。

# Rules permitting cross-ownership enhance efficiency and almost certainly will result in benefits to consumers in the form of lower prices and enhanced services.

#允许交叉所有权的规定可以提高效率并且几乎必将使消费者受益，比如更低的价格和更好的服务。

# The Rules of Conduct, which is to be part of the base agreement for all new gTLDs include adequate protections designed to address behavior the Board wants to discourage, including abuses of data and market power...

#行为准则将作为所有新通用顶级域基础协议的一部分，包含了充分的保护性条款，用以解决董事会希望阻止的行为，包括数据和市场权力滥用……

# Case by case re-negotiation of existing contracts to reflect the new cross ownership rules will permit ICANN to address the risk of abuse of market power contractually.

#逐一重新商定现有合同以反应交叉所有权新规将允许ICANN以合约形式处理市场权力滥用的风险。

# In the event ICANN has competition concerns, ICANN will have the ability to to refer those concerns to relevant antitrust authorities.

#如果ICANN对竞争方面存有顾虑，ICANN将有权将这些顾虑诉诸相关反垄断管理机构。

# ICANN can amend contracts to address harms that may arise as a direct or indirect result of the new cross-ownership rules.

# ICANN可以修订合同以解决由于交叉所有权新规直接或间接引起的损害。

===EC Concerns Over the Full Removal of Vertical Separation===

===EC Concerns Over the Full Removal of Vertical Separation===