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| + | The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]]. |
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− | {{Glossary|
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− | |note = This article is neutral, but is [[Sponsorship|sponsored]] by [[Afilias]],<br/> the [[registry]] for [[.info]] and [[.mobi]].<br/>Read more about Afilias's services [http://www.afilias.info/ here].
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− | |logo = AfiliasLogo.png
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− | |link = http://icannwiki.com/index.php/Afilias
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− | |bronzesponsor = ICANNWiki [[Sponsorship|Bronze Sponsor]]
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− | }}
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| + | ==Varieties of TLDs== |
− | The '''Top Level Domain''' ('''TLD''', also sometimes referred to as a '''string''') is the last part of a domain name, for example, [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.us]], [[.info]], etc.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp TLD]</ref> Each TLD is managed by a single [[registry]].
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− | ==Varieties of TLDs== <!--T:3--> | |
| There are different types of TLDs. | | There are different types of TLDs. |
| + | ===[[gTLD]]s=== |
| + | *[[brand TLD]]s - corporations use their corporate name as their website's top-level identifier instead of .com or .biz domain space |
| + | *[[community TLD]]s relate to local events, gatherings, or organizations. |
| + | *[[geoTLD]]s represent geographical or regional areas that are not countries with three or more ASCII characters. |
| + | *[[hSTLD]]s |
| + | *[[All New gTLD Applications|nTLD]]s - domains that were introduced beginning in October 2013 |
| + | *[[sTLD]]s - has a sponsor for a specific purpose, such as to represent a specific ethnic community, professional group, or geographical location. |
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| + | ===[[ccTLD]]s=== |
− | * [[gTLD]]s, which includes [[sTLD]]s and [[brand TLD]]s.
| + | [[:Category:CcTLD|Country-code TLDs]] are delegated to a designated [[:Category:CcTLD Registry|ccTLD registry]], which is operated by a [[:Category:CcTLD Manager|ccTLD Manager]], according to local policies that are adapted to meet the economic, cultural, linguistic, and legal circumstances of the country or territory involved. |
− | * [[ccTLD]]s
| + | *[[ccTLD|ccTLDs with ASCII characters]] |
− | * [[geoTLD]]s
| + | :TLDs with two ASCII characters have been established for over 250 countries and external territories. |
− | | + | *[[IDN ccTLD]]s |
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| + | :TLDs with non-ASCII characters designated for a country or geographic region. |
− | These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:
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− | * Operating Mode:
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− | ** Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
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− | ** Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
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− | * Level of Restriction:
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− | ** Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
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− | ** Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name.
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− | ** Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc). | |
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− | ==History== <!--T:7--> | + | ==Operating Mode== |
− | The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s, which eventually necessitated a decentralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions included plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], and can be found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent IT community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>
| + | TLDs operate in different manners but can be categorized in some simple ways: |
| + | * Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services. |
| + | * Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains. |
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− | ===Innovations=== <!--T:8--> | + | ==Level of Restriction== |
− | At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] Fast Track process, which allowed [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>
| + | * Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted. |
| + | * Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria to qualify. |
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− | Following a six year development process, [[ICANN]] launched the [[New gTLD Program]] at its Singapore conference in June, 2011. This unlimited expansion program allowed anyone to apply to run nearly any string for the first time in the history of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> On June, 13th, 2012 ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
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− | ==References== <!--T:10-->
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− | {{reflist}}
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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| [[Category: Glossary]] | | [[Category: Glossary]] |
− | [[Category:Articles with Chinese]] | + | [[Category: Acronym]] |
− | </translate>
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