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Line 1: − + + + + + + + + − * [[gTLD]]s, which includes [[sTLD]]s and [[brand TLD]]s.+ − + − + + + + − These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:+ + + + − * Operating Mode: + − ** Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.+ − ** Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.+ − * Level of Restriction: − ** Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted. − ** Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name. − ** Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc). − ==History== − The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s, which eventually necessitated a decentralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions included plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], and can be found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent IT community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref> − ===Innovations=== − At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] Fast Track process, which allowed [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref> − − Following a six year development process, [[ICANN]] launched the [[New gTLD Program]] at its Singapore conference in June, 2011. This unlimited expansion program allowed anyone to apply to run nearly any string for the first time in the history of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> On June, 13th, 2012 ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref> − − ==References== − {{reflist}} − [[Category:Articles with Chinese]]
→Level of Restriction
The '''Top-Level Domain''' ('''TLD''', also sometimes referred to as a '''string''') is the last part of a domain name, for example, [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.us]], [[.info]], etc.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp TLD]</ref> Each TLD is managed by a single [[registry]].
The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]].
==Varieties of TLDs==
==Varieties of TLDs==
There are different types of TLDs.
There are different types of TLDs.
===[[gTLD]]s===
*[[brand TLD]]s - corporations use their corporate name as their website's top-level identifier instead of .com or .biz domain space
*[[community TLD]]s relate to local events, gatherings, or organizations.
*[[geoTLD]]s represent geographical or regional areas that are not countries with three or more ASCII characters.
*[[hSTLD]]s
*[[All New gTLD Applications|nTLD]]s - domains that were introduced beginning in October 2013
*[[sTLD]]s - has a sponsor for a specific purpose, such as to represent a specific ethnic community, professional group, or geographical location.
===[[ccTLD]]s===
* [[ccTLD]]s
[[:Category:CcTLD|Country-code TLDs]] are delegated to a designated [[:Category:CcTLD Registry|ccTLD registry]], which is operated by a [[:Category:CcTLD Manager|ccTLD Manager]], according to local policies that are adapted to meet the economic, cultural, linguistic, and legal circumstances of the country or territory involved.
* [[geoTLD]]s
*[[ccTLD|ccTLDs with ASCII characters]]
:TLDs with two ASCII characters have been established for over 250 countries and external territories.
*[[IDN ccTLD]]s
:TLDs with non-ASCII characters designated for a country or geographic region.
==Operating Mode==
TLDs operate in different manners but can be categorized in some simple ways:
* Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
* Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
==Level of Restriction==
* Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
* Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria to qualify.
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[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category: Acronym]]
[[Category: Acronym]]