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Top-Level Domain (view source)

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→‎TLD Growth - Overview from 1983 to 2021
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Acronym: '''T'''op '''L'''evel '''D'''omain 
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The '''top-level domain (TLD)''' is the right-most string, or series of characters, in every [[URL|web address]]. The [[Domain Name System|domain name system]] allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Every TLD is managed by a single [[:Category:Registries|registry]].
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The '''TLD''' is always the last part of a domain name, such as [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.us]], etc.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp]</ref>
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==TLD Growth - Overview from 1983 to 2021==
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Dates !! TLDs !! Use !! Reason !! Significance
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|-
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| 1983 || [[.no]] || [[ccTLD|country code TLD]] || Restricted to use by entities in Norway || The first two-letter country code based on the [[ISO 3166-1]]
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|-
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| October 1984 || [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.org]] || Open || Any person or entity is permitted to register a domain name using these TLDs|| The first [[gTLD]]s
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|-
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| October 1984 || [[.edu]], [[.gov]], [[.mil]] || Limited; [[sTLD|an entity has sponsored the operation of this TLD]] || For higher educational institutions, United States governmental entities and agencies, and divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense, respectively || The first [[gTLD]]s
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|-
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| 1985 || [[.us]], [[.uk]] [[.il]]  || ccTLDs || USA, UK, Israel || GB is the UK's [[ISO 3166]] country code. However, [[JANET NRS]] defined UK as the top-level domain a few months before the ISO-derived list; it was registered on July 24, 1985.
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|-
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| 1986 || [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr]], [[.is]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]], [[.se]] || ccTLDs || Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden || The next eight ccTLDs
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|-
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| November 3, 1988 || [[.int]]  || Limited; sponsored || For organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations || In response to a request by NATO
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|-
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|-
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| March 1994 || || || || [[Jon Postel]]'s [[RFC 1591]] establishes the baseline standards for eligible TLDs.
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|-
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| 1996 || || || || Jon Postel drafts "New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains"
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|-
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| 1998 || || || || Domain deregulation; [[ICANN]] is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers
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|-
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| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || one of the original TLDs, .arpa is re-designated at this time as an Address and Routing Parameter Area, critical to maintaining the [[SSR| stability of the Internet]]
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|-
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| November 16, 2000 || [[.aero]], [[.biz]], [[.coop]], [[.info]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]] || Sponsored gTLDs ||  ||
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|-
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| June 29, 2006 || || Test domains || per [[ICANN Board]] Resolution 07.47 || eleven such domains have been delegated thus far
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|-
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| 2007 || [[.cat]], [[.eu]], [[.asia]]|| Sponsored [[geoTLD|specifically for a cultural, ethnic, or regional group]] || Represents Catalan language and culture, the countries in the European Union, and the Asian continent, respectively || The first TLDs to denote geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, social, or cultural representation
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|-
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| October 30, 2009 || || || || [[IDN ccTLD]] [[IDN Fast Track|Fast Track Process]] is approved by the [[ICANN Board]]
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|-
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| || [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || limited to entities having something to do with the phrase comprising the TLD in question ||
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|-
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|May 5, 2010 || [[مصر]] [[السعودية]] [[امارات]] || [[IDN ccTLD]]s || From right to left, for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates || For the first time in the history of the Internet, non-Latin characters are being used for top-level domains
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|-
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| April 2011 || [[.xxx]] || Sponsored gTLD ||  || [[ICM Registry]] had submitted proposals for this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000
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|-
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| June 20, 2011 || [[.post]] || sTLD || last TLD before New TLD Program ||  [[ICANN Board]] votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation
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|-
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| January 12, 2012 || || [[Community TLD|community]] or standard || applicant decides if the nTLD is for a defined community consisting of a restricted population; the distinction between sponsored/unsponsored TLDs is deemed irrelevant to this round of nTLDs ||The application window for [[All New gTLD Applications]] opens
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|-
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| June 13, 2012 || [[.scot]] || community nTLD application  || for Scottish culture || Reveal Day: [[All New gTLD Applications|1,930 applications for new gTLDs submitted]]; '''751''' of which were contested
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|-
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| July 15, 2013 || [[.сайт]], [[.онлайн]], [[.شبكة]], [[.游戏]]  || [[IDN]] nTLDs || (xn--80aswg) – Russian for "site"; (xn--80asehdb) – Russian for "online"شبكة (xn--ngbc5azd) – Arabic for "web/network"; (xn--unup4y) – Chinese for "game(s)" || First four nTLD aggreements signed
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|-
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| September 15, 2014 || [[.prof]] || -- || -- || 400th nTLD was delegated
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|-
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| 20 May 2017 || [[ccTLD]]s || -- || -- || 255 ccTLDs delegated
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|-
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| June 2020 || [[IDN]] ccTLDs || --  || --  || 61 IDN ccTLDs approved
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|-
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| October 17, 2020 || [[.spa]] || nTLD || latest delegated nTLD || [[IANA]] lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains)
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|}
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Each TLD is managed by a single [[:Category:Registries|Registry]].
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==Varieties of TLDs==  
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==History==
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The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s; which eventually necessitated a de-centralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions include plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], found in  [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document  outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate  the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent [[IT]] community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>
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==Varieties of TLDs==
   
There are different types of TLDs.   
 
There are different types of TLDs.   
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===[[gTLD]]s===
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*[[gTLD|the original generic top-level domains]]
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*[[sTLD]]s - has a sponsor for a specific purpose, such as to represent a specific ethnic community, professional group, or geographical location.
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*[[All New gTLD Applications|nTLD]]s - domains that were introduced beginning in October 2013
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*[[community TLD]]s relate to local events, gatherings, organizations, or communities, in essence replacing sTLDs
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*[[geoTLD]]s represent geographical or regional areas that are not countries with three or more ASCII characters.
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*[[brand TLD]]s - corporations use their corporate name as their website's top-level identifier instead of .com or .biz domain space
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*[[hSTLD]]s
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===[[ccTLD]]s===
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[[:Category:CcTLD|Country-code TLDs]] are delegated to a designated [[:Category:CcTLD Registry|ccTLD registry]], which is operated by a [[:Category:CcTLD Manager|ccTLD Manager]], according to local policies that are adapted to meet the economic, cultural, linguistic, and legal circumstances of the country or territory involved.
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*[[ccTLD|ccTLDs with ASCII characters]]
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:TLDs with two ASCII characters have been established for over 250 countries and external territories, including Strings eligible under [[ICANN Board]] Resolution 00.74 (currently this category applies to only one domain, .eu) [https://features.icann.org/2000-09-25-delegation-cctlds ICANN - Board Resolution on the Delegation of ccTLDs], and "Grandfathered" TLDs from prior to 2000, based on "exceptionally reserved" codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard (this category currently applies to two TLDs - .uk and .ac);
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*[[IDN ccTLD]]s
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:TLDs with non-ASCII characters designated for a country or geographic region.
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* [[GTLD]]
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==Operating Mode==
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* [[STLD]]
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TLDs operate in different manners but can be categorized in some simple ways:
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* [[ccTLD]]
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* Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
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* Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
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These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:
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* Operating Mode
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**Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
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**Closed - Not Accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
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* Level of Restriction
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**Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
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**Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name.
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**Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc).
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==Innovations==
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==Level of Restriction==
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At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] fast track process, which made way for [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>
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* Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
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==References==
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* Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria to qualify.
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{{reflist}}
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== Related Articles ==
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==Reserved Names==
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* [[Registries Constituency]]
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Some domain names are reserved, which means they can only be used (if at all) by the [[:Category:Entities|entities]] for whom they are reserved.
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* [[ccTLDs|country code top-level domains]]
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* [[ICANN|related to ICANN]]
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* [[IANA|related to IANA functions]]
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* [[:Category:Government|names of countries and territories]]
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* [[:Category:Organizations|names of international and intergovernmental organizations]]
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* [[:Category:registries|names that a registry operator uses to operate the gTLD]]
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__NOTOC__
 
[[Category: Glossary]]
 
[[Category: Glossary]]
Jessica
Bureaucrats, Check users, lookupuser, Administrators, translator
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