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Line 1: − Acronym: '''T'''op '''L'''evel '''D'''omain + − The '''TLD''' is always the last part of a domain name, such as [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.us]], etc.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp]</ref>+ + + + + + + − Each TLD is managed by a single [[:Category:Registries|Registry]].+ − ==History==+ − The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s. This eventually necessitated a de-centralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions include plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent [[IT]] community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>+ + + + + − + − There are different types of TLDs. + − * [[GTLD]]+ − * [[STLD]]+ − * [[CCTLD]] − These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:+ − * Operating Mode+ − **Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services. − **Closed - Not Accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains. − * Level of Restriction − **Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted. − **Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name. − **Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc). − − == Related Articles ==+ − * [[Registries Constituency]] − + +
no edit summary
A '''Top-Level Domain''' ('''TLD''', also sometimes referred to as a '''string''') is the last part of a domain name, for example, [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.us]], [[.info]], etc.<ref>[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=TLD&i=52942,00.asp TLD]</ref> Each TLD is managed by a single [[registry]].
==Varieties of TLDs==
There are different types of TLDs.
* [[gTLD]]s, which includes [[sTLD]]s and [[brand TLD]]s.
* [[ccTLD]]s
These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:
* Operating Mode:
** Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
** Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
* Level of Restriction:
** Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
** Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name.
** Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc).
==Varieties of TLDs==
==History==
The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s, which eventually necessitated a decentralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions included plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], and can be found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent IT community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>
===Innovations===
At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] Fast Track process, which allowed [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>
Following a six year development process, [[ICANN]] launched the [[New gTLD Program]] at its Singapore conference in June, 2011. This unlimited expansion program allowed anyone to apply to run nearly any string for the first time in the history of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-20jun11-en.htm ICANN Approves Historic Change to Internet's Domain Name System, icann.org]</ref> On June, 13th, 2012 ("Reveal Day"), it was announced that there were 1,930 applications: 84 of these were [[Community gTLD|community applications]], 116 are for [[IDN]]s, and 230 of the applications have one or more applicant and will thus go through [[String Contention|string contention]] processes. This means the first round of the new gTLD program could create a maximum of 1,409 new TLDs.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2012/06/13/nnew-gtlds-by-the-numbers-1930-apps-751-apps-in-conflict-max-number-of-new-gtlds-1409/ New gTLDs by the Numbers, TheDomains.com]</ref>
==References==
==References==
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[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category:Articles with Chinese]]
[[Category: Acronym]]