Changes

===Private Sector===

===Private Sector===

====Registries and Registars====

====Registries and Registars====

*The [[DNS Abuse Framework]] was developed by registries and registrars. The framework discourages a registry or registrar from taking action against domains, except in certain types of Website Content Abuse:  

Sebastian Felix Schwemer's 2020 analysis of 30 European ccTLD terms of services (ToS) showed several responses to use/content-related domain name abuse, including no related reservations, reactions to severe cases, and proactive screening.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref> Some ToSes do ''not'' contractually reserve to take down a domain name due to use or content, while others ''do'' reserve the right to take down a domain name but only in severe situations. Others have established "takedown regimes" akin to that of site operators, hosting providers, and registrants (per Article 14 of the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031 E-Commerce Directive]. [[EURid]], [[.be]], and [[SIDN]] have begun to screen abusive use by crawling content, using fuzzy hashes, or HTML structural similarity analysis; they are also working on early warning systems. Schwemer found that only 1/3 of ccTLD ToSes contained content/use provisions and that the discretion for registrars to take down domain names via a morality clause was higher than it was for ccTLD registries. This analysis also revealed the emergence of ccTLD registries' use of data validation in a new way. Registries have noticed a correlation between domain names engaging in unlawful activities and the provision of poor registration data. Because ToSes can reserve the right to terminate registrations based on wrong or inaccurate information, some ccTLD registries are using this term as a workaround.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref>

=====[[DNS Abuse Framework]]=====

This framework was developed by registries and registrars. The framework discourages a registry or registrar from taking action against domains, except in certain types of Website Content Abuse:  

# child sexual abuse materials,

# child sexual abuse materials,

# illegal distribution of opioids online,

# illegal distribution of opioids online,