Changes

* Ethereum: an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications, providing a different set of tradeoffs for a large class of decentralized applications, that focuses on situations involving rapid development time, requiring security for small and rarely used applications, and offering wide-ranging, agile interaction. It has an abstract foundational layer: a blockchain with a built-in Turing-complete programming language so that anyone can write smart contracts and decentralized applications with their own arbitrary rules for ownership, transaction formats, and state transition functions.<ref>[https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/#alternative-blockchain-applications Alternative Blockchain Applications, Ethereum.org]</ref> The foundation created [[.eth]], then added functionality to work with existing main-root TLDs rather than requiring new extensions.  

* Ethereum: an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications, providing a different set of tradeoffs for a large class of decentralized applications, that focuses on situations involving rapid development time, requiring security for small and rarely used applications, and offering wide-ranging, agile interaction. It has an abstract foundational layer: a blockchain with a built-in Turing-complete programming language so that anyone can write smart contracts and decentralized applications with their own arbitrary rules for ownership, transaction formats, and state transition functions.<ref>[https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/#alternative-blockchain-applications Alternative Blockchain Applications, Ethereum.org]</ref> The foundation created [[.eth]], then added functionality to work with existing main-root TLDs rather than requiring new extensions.  

:: ''Potential Shortcoming'': gas fees (user payments made to compensate for the computing energy required to process and validate transactions on the Ethereum blockchain)<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gas-ethereum.asp Understanding Gas in Ethereum, Investopedia]</ref> are required to claim a name or even change your nameserver.<ref>[https://domainnamewire.com/2022/01/13/blockchain-domains-and-the-big-challenges-they-face/ Blockchain Domains' Challenges, DNW]</ref>  

:: ''Potential Shortcoming'': gas fees (user payments made to compensate for the computing energy required to process and validate transactions on the Ethereum blockchain)<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gas-ethereum.asp Understanding Gas in Ethereum, Investopedia]</ref> are required to claim a name or even change your nameserver.<ref>[https://domainnamewire.com/2022/01/13/blockchain-domains-and-the-big-challenges-they-face/ Blockchain Domains' Challenges, DNW]</ref>  

* FriGate: Blockchain DNS services provided through a proxy, accelerates access to blocked websites, encrypts traffic, opens Tor sites, and supports EmerDNS.<ref>[https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/frigate-vpn/gmgimpdjmagalimgdaeacfcpoimfpikm FriGate, Web Store, Chrome]</ref><ref>[https://fri-gate.org/ FriGate]</ref>

* FriGate: Blockchain DNS services provided through a proxy, accelerates access to blocked websites, encrypts traffic, opens Tor sites, and supports EmerDNS.<ref>[https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/frigate-vpn/gmgimpdjmagalimgdaeacfcpoimfpikm FriGate, Web Store, Chrome]</ref><ref>[https://fri-gate.org/ FriGate]</ref>

* [https://www.unifiedroot.com/ UnifiedRoot]: River Book Investment Company bought this alternative root based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2005. It operates an independent infrastructure to enable the creation and usage of TLDs and IDNs registered on its system. The Unifiedroot root server platform is IPv6 and IDN ready and operates parallel to ICANN. Individuals cannot apply for a TLD or IDN with Unifiedroot. Only companies, organizations, and institutions can register a TLD or IDN.<ref>[https://www.unifiedroot.com/en/Company-Info/About-Us.html About Us, UnifiedRoot]</ref>

* [https://www.unifiedroot.com/ UnifiedRoot]: River Book Investment Company bought this alternative root based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2005. It operates an independent infrastructure to enable the creation and usage of TLDs and IDNs registered on its system. The Unifiedroot root server platform is IPv6 and IDN ready and operates parallel to ICANN. Individuals cannot apply for a TLD or IDN with Unifiedroot. Only companies, organizations, and institutions can register a TLD or IDN.<ref>[https://www.unifiedroot.com/en/Company-Info/About-Us.html About Us, UnifiedRoot]</ref>

* [https://www.cryptovantage.com/best-crypto-tools/unstoppable-domains/ Unstoppable]:  

* [https://www.cryptovantage.com/best-crypto-tools/unstoppable-domains/ Unstoppable]: This venture-backed company takes the traditional alt-root approach, offering extensions such as .crypto, .wallet and .nft.

* [https://www.theregister.com/2000/10/17/tlds_web_icann_afilias/ .web IODesign]: In 2012, IODesign claimed it had over 20,000 domains in its alternative root.<ref>[http://www.domainincite.com/10783-original-web-gtld-applicant-sues-icann Original .Web Applicant Sues ICANN, Domain Incite]</ref><ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/iod-v-icann-2012-11-02-en IOD vs ICANN, Resources, ICANN]</ref>

* [https://www.theregister.com/2000/10/17/tlds_web_icann_afilias/ .web IODesign]: In 2012, IODesign claimed it had over 20,000 domains in its alternative root.<ref>[http://www.domainincite.com/10783-original-web-gtld-applicant-sues-icann Original .Web Applicant Sues ICANN, Domain Incite]</ref><ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/iod-v-icann-2012-11-02-en IOD vs ICANN, Resources, ICANN]</ref>