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====Registries and Registars====
====Registries and Registars====
=====European ccTLD Registries=====
=====European ccTLD Registries=====
Sebastian Felix Schwemer's 2020 analysis of 30 European ccTLD terms of services (ToS) showed several responses to use/content-related domain name abuse, including no related reservations, reactions to severe cases, and proactive screening.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref> Some ToSes do ''not'' contractually reserve to take down a domain name due to use or content, while others ''do'' reserve the right to take down a domain name but only in severe situations. Others have established "takedown regimes" akin to that of site operators, hosting providers, and registrants (per Article 14 of the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031 E-Commerce Directive]. [[EURid]], [[.be]], and [[SIDN]] have begun to screen abusive use by crawling content, using fuzzy hashes, or HTML structural similarity analysis; they are also working on early warning systems. Schwemer found that only 1/3 of ccTLD ToSes contained content/use provisions and that the discretion for registrars to take down domain names via a morality clause was higher than it was for ccTLD registries. This analysis also revealed the emergence of ccTLD registries' use of data validation in a new way. Registries have noticed a correlation between domain names engaging in unlawful activities and the provision of poor registration data. Because ToSes can reserve the right to terminate registrations based on wrong or inaccurate information, some ccTLD registries are using this term as a workaround.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref>
* In March 2022, [[TWNIC]] and [[DotAsia]] signed an MOU of bilateral collaboration of information exchange and mutual recognition as [[Trusted Notifier]]s. When either TWNIC or DotAsia receives a notification via the Fast Track mechanism that they created, it will be able to immediately take appropriate actions under the domain name registration agreement to reduce the [[cybercrime]] impact.<ref>[https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20220329PR200.html?chid=9 TWNIC and DotAsia establish fast track mechanism to fight DNS abuse, Digitimes]</ref>
* Sebastian Felix Schwemer's 2020 analysis of 30 European ccTLD terms of services (ToS) showed several responses to use/content-related domain name abuse, including no related reservations, reactions to severe cases, and proactive screening.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref> Some ToSes do ''not'' contractually reserve to take down a domain name due to use or content, while others ''do'' reserve the right to take down a domain name but only in severe situations. Others have established "takedown regimes" akin to that of site operators, hosting providers, and registrants (per Article 14 of the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031 E-Commerce Directive]. [[EURid]], [[.be]], and [[SIDN]] have begun to screen abusive use by crawling content, using fuzzy hashes, or HTML structural similarity analysis; they are also working on early warning systems. Schwemer found that only 1/3 of ccTLD ToSes contained content/use provisions and that the discretion for registrars to take down domain names via a morality clause was higher than it was for ccTLD registries. This analysis also revealed the emergence of ccTLD registries' use of data validation in a new way. Registries have noticed a correlation between domain names engaging in unlawful activities and the provision of poor registration data. Because ToSes can reserve the right to terminate registrations based on wrong or inaccurate information, some ccTLD registries are using this term as a workaround.<ref>[https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/regulation-abusive-activity-content-study-registries-terms-service Schwemer, The regulation of abusive activity and content: a study of registries’ terms of service]</ref>
=====[[DNS Abuse Framework]]=====
=====[[DNS Abuse Framework]]=====
This framework was developed by registries and registrars. The framework discourages a registry or registrar from taking action against domains, except in certain types of Website Content Abuse:
This framework was developed by registries and registrars. The framework discourages a registry or registrar from taking action against domains, except in certain types of Website Content Abuse: