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'''History of ROOT-SERVERS''' - A Journey from 4 nodes to 13 nodes at present. Based on the excerpt from “History of Root DNS Servers” by RSSAC.<ref>[https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-023-04nov16-en.pdf]</ref><ref>[https://blog.gauravkansal.in/2022/02/history-of-root-servers.html]</ref>

'''History of ROOT-SERVERS''' - A Journey from 4 nodes to 13 [[Root Server Operator|nodes]] at present. Based on the excerpt from “History of Root DNS Servers” by [[RSSAC]].<ref>[https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-023-04nov16-en.pdf RSSAC023]</ref><ref>[https://blog.gauravkansal.in/2022/02/history-of-root-servers.html Gaurav Kansal's Blog]</ref>

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==1.1 Period 1983-1986==  

==1.1 Period 1983-1986==  

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Before the development of DNS, information about hosts were assigned in a flat namespace format and name-to-address look ups was done using table, which use to be available in all the hosts. Network Information Centre (NIC) at SRI International, use to maintain this table and all hosts get the updated copy from SRI-NIC periodically. At that time, most of the hosts were at ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) and DND (Defense Data Network), and managing the hosts records in flat file wasn’t that tough. <ref>[https://marc.info/?l=namedroppers&m=95837667426588&w=2]</ref><ref>[https://www.donelan.com/dnstimeline.html]</ref>

Before the development of [[DNS]], information about hosts was assigned in a flat namespace format and name-to-address lookups were done using a table, which use to be available in all the hosts. Network Information Centre (NIC) at [[SRI International]], use to maintain this table and all hosts get the updated copy from SRI-NIC periodically. At that time, most of the hosts were at [[ARPANET]] (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) and [[DND]] (Defense Data Network), and managing the host records in flat file wasn’t that tough. <ref>[https://marc.info/?l=namedroppers&m=95837667426588&w=2]</ref><ref>[https://www.donelan.com/dnstimeline.html DNS Timeline, Donelan]</ref>

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As the number of hosts were increasing so was the size of this flat file, and with the frequency of updates, a decentralized database need was felt. To address this problem, Mr. Jon Postel and Mr. Paul Mockapetris published number of RFCs that laid down the design of DNS.

As the number of hosts were increasing so was the size of this flat file, and with the frequency of updates, a decentralized database need was felt. To address this problem, Mr. Jon Postel and Mr. Paul Mockapetris published a number of RFCs that laid down the design of DNS.

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To test the DNS, Mr. Jon Postel and Mr. Paul Mockapetris setup the first root server in 1984 at Information Science Institute (ISI) at the University of South California (USC). The domain name services were running of the software developed by Mockapetris, named JEEVES. In 1985 an additional root was added at ISI.

To test the DNS, Mr. [[Jon Postel]] and Mr. [[Paul Mockapetris]] set up the first root server in 1984 at the [[Information Science Institute]] (ISI) at the University of South California (USC). The domain name services were running on the software developed by Mockapetris, named JEEVES. In 1985, an additional root was added at ISI.

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An additional root server was placed at SRI International, as it was NIC for DDN and was handling the registration of hosts and maintenance of hosts.txt file.

An additional root server was placed at SRI International, as it was NIC for DDN and was handling the registration of hosts and maintenance of the hosts.txt file.

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Doug Kingston and Mike Muuss, at the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) in the U.S. Army, played an important role in the ongoing development of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) package. To assist in the further development of the DNS and to provide a root server for MILNET (which was split from the original ARPANET in 1983, is the operational, unclassified network component of the Department of Defense Network) in the event that MILNET had to be disconnected from the ARPANET, BRL volunteered in 1985 to host a root server, making it the first root server running BIND on a UNIX operating system.

[[Doug Kingston]] and [[Mike Muuss]], at the [[Ballistic Research Laboratory]] (BRL) in the U.S. Army, played an important role in the ongoing development of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain ([[BIND]]) package. To assist in the further development of the DNS and to provide a root server for [[MILNET]] (which was split from the original ARPANET in 1983, and is the operational, unclassified network component of the Department of Defense Network) in the event that MILNET had to be disconnected from the ARPANET, BRL volunteered in 1985 to host a root server, making it the first root server running BIND on a UNIX operating system.

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Thus by 1985, there were four root name servers  –

Thus by 1985, there were four root name servers.    

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|SRI-NIC ||JEEVES ||SRI-International

|SRI-NIC ||JEEVES ||SRI-International

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|ISIB <ref>[  As the DNS was at early stages of development, root name servers at ISI tended to change machines frequently. In November 1986, ISIB was retired, and replaced by another server named ISIA. In October 1987, ISIC (C.ISI.EDU) was retired as well. ]</ref>||JEEVES || Information Science Institute, USC

|ISIB <ref>[  As the DNS was in the early stages of development, root name servers at ISI tended to change machines frequently. In November 1986, ISIB was retired, and replaced by another server named ISIA. In October 1987, ISIC (C.ISI.EDU) was retired as well. ]</ref>||JEEVES || Information Science Institute, USC

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|ISIC || JEEVES ||Information Science Institute, USC

|ISIC || JEEVES ||Information Science Institute, USC

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In October 1986, at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 6 meeting, Doug Kingston from BRL convened a workshop called “Name Domains for MILNET.” The primary focus was to explore the transition of MILNET to use domain names. <ref>[IETF 6 Proceedings: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/06.pdf.]</ref> <br/>

In October 1986, at the Internet Engineering Task Force ([[IETF]]) 6 meeting, Doug Kingston from BRL convened a workshop called “Name Domains for MILNET.” The primary focus was to explore the transition of MILNET to use domain names. <ref>[IETF 6 Proceedings: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/06.pdf.]</ref> <br/>

During the workshop and also in mailing list discussions afterwards, Gunter Air Force Station was mentioned as a possible root server location because of its ability to serve MILNET. Eventually, in November 1987 GUNTER-ADAM (U.S. Air Force Networking Group) was added as a root server.

During the workshop and also in mailing list discussions afterward, Gunter Air Force Station was mentioned as a possible root server location because of its ability to serve MILNET. Eventually, in November 1987 GUNTER-ADAM (U.S. Air Force Networking Group) was added as a root server.

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In 1986, the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) went online. Built as a "network of networks" and developed in phases, NSFNET connected supercomputer centers in the U.S. and a variety of regional research and education networks, extending the Internet’s reach throughout the United States.

In 1986, the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) went online. Built as a "network of networks" and developed in phases, NSFNET connected supercomputer centers in the U.S. and a variety of regional research and education networks, extending the Internet’s reach throughout the United States.