Changes

==Expansion of Copyright and Patent Laws==

==Expansion of Copyright and Patent Laws==

Copyright and Patent Laws was expanded during the midst and early part of 19th century. In 1853, Harriet Beecher Stowe alleged that a German translation of her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin is an infringement of her copyright. Her claim was rejected by Federal Circuit Court and cited that, "a translation may, in loose phraseology, be called a transcript or copy of her thoughts or conceptions, but in no correct sense can it be called a copy of her book." This decision was strongly attacked during the late part of 19th century which prompted the Congress to encourage the court to reverse its decision and accept the concept that the "work" protected by copyright include the substance not just the mere form, which means than translation in any language is a violation of copyright since no new substance was created in the work. In 1884, the Supreme Court ruled that photographs can be copyrighted. Meanwhile, in 1842,patent statute was expanded by Congress and added Industrial Designs. In 1930, Patent Protection Act was enacted to protect new varieties for asexually propagated plants.<ref>

Copyright and Patent Laws was expanded during the midst and early part of 19th century. In 1853, Harriet Beecher Stowe alleged that a German translation of her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin is an infringement of her copyright. Her claim was rejected by Federal Circuit Court and cited that, "a translation may, in loose phraseology, be called a transcript or copy of her thoughts or conceptions, but in no correct sense can it be called a copy of her book." This decision was strongly attacked during the late part of 19th century which prompted the Congress to encourage the court to reverse its decision and accept the concept that the "work" protected by copyright include the substance not just the mere form, which means than translation in any language is a violation of copyright since no new substance was created in the work.<ref>

[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/property99/history.html Growth of Intellectual Property]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ciopora.org/fileadmin/assets/pageDownloads/2010/Breeders_Meeting_USA/James_Housel_-_Developments_in_Plants_and_Patents.pdf Patent Protection Act of 1930]</ref>

[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/property99/history.html Growth of Intellectual Property]</ref> <ref>

Meanwhile, in 1842,patent statute was expanded by Congress and added Industrial Designs. In 1930, Patent Protection Act was enacted to protect new varieties for asexually propagated plants.<ref>[http://www.ciopora.org/fileadmin/assets/pageDownloads/2010/Breeders_Meeting_USA/James_Housel_-_Developments_in_Plants_and_Patents.pdf Patent Protection Act of 1930]</ref>

On March 4, 1909 the United States Congress amended

An amendment to the Federal Copyright Law was enacted on March 4, 1909 further adding the list of copyrighted materials, the term of copyright was also extended for 28 years, copyright infringement and penalties as well as foreign authors granting reciprocal rights to United States citizens by either agreement, convention or treaty and international agreements.<ref>[http://jessefeder.com/copyright/docs/3-4-1909.pdf Copyright Act of 1909]</ref> This act was superseded by the Copyright Act of 1976 also known as Title 17 of the United Sttaes Code, which became the primary basis of the United States copyright law and it was enacted to address the issues of intellectual property due to the advancement of technology and the introduction of new form of communication such as radio, television and computer.<ref>[http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 Copyright Act of 1976]</ref>

==References==

==References==