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A '''Registry''' is the database of all domain names registered under a certain [[TLD]]. A '''Registry Operator''', also known as '''Network Information Center (NIC)''', refers to person(s) or entity(ies) responsible for providing registry services. These services include customer database administration, zone file publication, [[DNS]] and [[DNSSEC]] operation, marketing and policy determination. A Registry may outsource some, all, or none of these services. Different registries exist for different [[TLD]]s.

A '''Registry''' is the database of all domain names registered under a certain [[TLD]]. A '''Registry Operator''', also known as '''Network Information Center (NIC)''', refers to person(s) or entity(ies) responsible for providing registry services. These services include customer database administration, zone file publication, [[DNS]] and [[DNSSEC]] operation, marketing and policy determination. A Registry may outsource some, all, or none of these services. Different registries exist for different [[TLD]]s.

; See our list of [[:Category:Registries|registry companies]]

; See our list of [[:Category:Registries|registry companies]]

==Registries & Registrars== <!--T:3-->

==Registries & Registrars==

===Vertical Separation===

===Vertical Separation===

The [[NSF|National Science Foundation]] signed a Cooperative Agreement with  [[Network Solutions]] (NSI) as Registry Operator and Registrar for the .com, .net and .org TLDs from 1993-1999. The registry agreement was renewed by ICANN in November, 1999. Under the new agreement, NSI agreed to create a multiple registrar system also known as the [[SRS|Shared Registration System]] (SRS), which allows independent registrars to access the system. Independent registrars were to pay NSI $6.00 for every registered or renewed domain names.<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/crai-report-24oct08-en.pdf Revisiting Vertical Separation of Registries and Registrars]</ref>

The [[NSF|National Science Foundation]] signed a Cooperative Agreement with  [[Network Solutions]] (NSI) as Registry Operator and Registrar for the .com, .net and .org TLDs from 1993-1999. The registry agreement was renewed by ICANN in November, 1999. Under the new agreement, NSI agreed to create a multiple registrar system also known as the [[SRS|Shared Registration System]] (SRS), which allows independent registrars to access the system. Independent registrars were to pay NSI $6.00 for every registered or renewed domain names.<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/crai-report-24oct08-en.pdf Revisiting Vertical Separation of Registries and Registrars]</ref>

In addition, ICANN encouraged registry and registrar business separation to promote competition by stipulating in the agreement that NSI will only be allowed to renew its registry agreement with ICANN for 4 years if it sells its registrar business.<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement]</ref> In 2000, [[Verisign]] purchased NSI and re-negotiated its registry agreement for the [[.com]], [[.net]] and [[.org]] TLDs with ICANN. ICANN did not require ownership separation but implemented structural separation. ICANN explained, ''"there is little if any additional competitive value under today's market circumstances in forbidding the registry operator from also being a registrar, so long as it is done is such a way so as not to discriminate against other competitive registrars."''<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/icann-pr-01mar01-en.htm Proposed Revision to ICANN-VeriSign Agreements]</ref> <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign Revised VeriSign Registry Agreements April 16, 2001]</ref>

In addition, ICANN encouraged registry and registrar business separation to promote competition by stipulating in the agreement that NSI will only be allowed to renew its registry agreement with ICANN for 4 years if it sells its registrar business.<ref>[http://archive.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement]</ref> In 2000, [[Verisign]] purchased NSI and re-negotiated its registry agreement for the [[.com]], [[.net]] and [[.org]] TLDs with ICANN. ICANN did not require ownership separation but implemented structural separation. ICANN explained, ''"there is little if any additional competitive value under today's market circumstances in forbidding the registry operator from also being a registrar, so long as it is done is such a way so as not to discriminate against other competitive registrars."''<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/icann-pr-01mar01-en.htm Proposed Revision to ICANN-VeriSign Agreements]</ref> <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign Revised VeriSign Registry Agreements April 16, 2001]</ref>

In 2000, ICANN introduced new [[gTLD|generic top level domain names]], which included [[.biz]], [[.info]], [[.name]] and [[.pro]]. On February 26, 2001, ICANN proposed a new registry agreement stipulating the legal separation between registry and registrar under section 3.5 Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars, wherein Registry Operators are not allowed to act as registrars with respect to the Registry TLD. <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February ]</ref>

In 2000, ICANN introduced new [[gTLD|generic top level domain names]], which included [[.biz]], [[.info]], [[.name]] and [[.pro]]. On February 26, 2001, ICANN proposed a new registry agreement stipulating the legal separation between registry and registrar under section 3.5 Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars, wherein Registry Operators are not allowed to act as registrars with respect to the Registry TLD. <ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February ]</ref>

In 2005, ICANN implemented the registry-registrar separation of ownership in the registry agreement for the [[.jobs]] and [[.travel]]  sponsored TLDs. Under Section 7.1 clause b and c in the registry agreement state the following provisions:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/jobs/jobs-agreement.htm SPONSORED TLD REGISTRY AGREEMENT-.Jobs Registry Agreement]</ref>

In 2005, ICANN implemented the registry-registrar separation of ownership in the registry agreement for the [[.jobs]] and [[.travel]]  sponsored TLDs. Under Section 7.1 clause b and c in the registry agreement state the following provisions:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/jobs/jobs-agreement.htm SPONSORED TLD REGISTRY AGREEMENT-.Jobs Registry Agreement]</ref>

* (b) Registry Operator Shall Not Act as Own Registrar. Registry Operator shall not act as a registrar with respect to the TLD. This shall not preclude Registry Operator from registering names within the TLD to itself through a request made to an ICANN-accredited registrar.   

* (b) Registry Operator Shall Not Act as Own Registrar. Registry Operator shall not act as a registrar with respect to the TLD. This shall not preclude Registry Operator from registering names within the TLD to itself through a request made to an ICANN-accredited registrar.   

* (c) Restrictions on Acquisition of Ownership or Controlling Interest in Registrar. Registry Operator shall not acquire, directly or indirectly, control of, or a greater than fifteen percent ownership interest in, any ICANN-accredited registrar.

* (c) Restrictions on Acquisition of Ownership or Controlling Interest in Registrar. Registry Operator shall not acquire, directly or indirectly, control of, or a greater than fifteen percent ownership interest in, any ICANN-accredited registrar.

At present, these provisions are included in the registry agreements for all sponsored and unsponsored TLDs.

At present, these provisions are included in the registry agreements for all sponsored and unsponsored TLDs.

===ICANN's Changing Position on Vertical Separation for New gTLDs=== <!--T:8-->

===ICANN's Changing Position on Vertical Separation for New gTLDs===

Some believe that [[Vertical Separation|vertical separation]] is one of the most important methods used by ICANN to maintain its commitment to promote competition, which is one of the founding principles of the organization. On March 12, 2002, the [[ICANN Board]] passed a resolution stating the organization's strong position for the implementation of "strict separation" of registries and registrars for new gTLDs. The ICANN Board also stated that co-ownership will be prohibited. However, the ICANN Board also indicated, ''"if a policy becomes available from the GNSO, and approved by the Board prior to the launch of the new gTLD program, that policy will be considered by the Board for adoption as part of the New gTLD Program."''<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-12mar10-en.htm#5 Adopted Board Resolutions|Nairobi, March 12, 2010]</ref>

Some believe that [[Vertical Separation|vertical separation]] is one of the most important methods used by ICANN to maintain its commitment to promote competition, which is one of the founding principles of the organization. On March 12, 2002, the [[ICANN Board]] passed a resolution stating the organization's strong position for the implementation of "strict separation" of registries and registrars for new gTLDs. The ICANN Board also stated that co-ownership will be prohibited. However, the ICANN Board also indicated, ''"if a policy becomes available from the GNSO, and approved by the Board prior to the launch of the new gTLD program, that policy will be considered by the Board for adoption as part of the New gTLD Program."''<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-12mar10-en.htm#5 Adopted Board Resolutions|Nairobi, March 12, 2010]</ref>

During a Special Meeting on Novemer 5, 2010, the ICANN Board changed its position regarding  the [[Vertical Separation|vertical separation]] of registries and registrars. The Board removed the restriction on cross ownership on the Registry Agreements and replaced it with ''"requirements and restrictions on any inappropriate or abusive conduct arising out of registry-registrar cross ownership..."'' These abusive conducts are not limited to misuse of data and violations of a registry code of conduct. In addition, ICANN also stated that it will include additional enforcement mechanisms such as self-auditing requirements, contractual termination and punitive damages. Moreover, it also emphasized that "it will have the ability to refer issues to relevant competition authorities."<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors, ICANN's Silicon Valley Office, Palo Alto, California, USA]</ref>

During a Special Meeting on Novemer 5, 2010, the ICANN Board changed its position regarding  the [[Vertical Separation|vertical separation]] of registries and registrars. The Board removed the restriction on cross ownership on the Registry Agreements and replaced it with ''"requirements and restrictions on any inappropriate or abusive conduct arising out of registry-registrar cross ownership..."'' These abusive conducts are not limited to misuse of data and violations of a registry code of conduct. In addition, ICANN also stated that it will include additional enforcement mechanisms such as self-auditing requirements, contractual termination and punitive damages. Moreover, it also emphasized that "it will have the ability to refer issues to relevant competition authorities."<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors, ICANN's Silicon Valley Office, Palo Alto, California, USA]</ref>

===ICANN's Reasons for Policy Change on Vertical Separation=== <!--T:10-->

===ICANN's Reasons for Policy Change on Vertical Separation===

The ICANN Board enumerated ten reasons to support its policy change on vertical separation:<ref>

The ICANN Board enumerated ten reasons to support its policy change on vertical separation:<ref>

[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/gac-board-registry-registrar-separation-21feb11-en.pdf ICANN Board-GAC Consultation:Registry-Registrar Separation, February 21, 2011]</ref>

[http://archive.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/gac-board-registry-registrar-separation-21feb11-en.pdf ICANN Board-GAC Consultation:Registry-Registrar Separation, February 21, 2011]</ref>

# ICANN can amend contracts to address harms that may arise as a direct or indirect result of the new cross-ownership rules.

# ICANN can amend contracts to address harms that may arise as a direct or indirect result of the new cross-ownership rules.

===EC Concerns Over the Full Removal of Vertical Separation=== <!--T:11-->

===EC Concerns Over the Full Removal of Vertical Separation===

On June 17, 2011, the Information Society and Media Directorate General of the [[European Commission]] (EC) submitted a non-paper regarding ICANN's proposed full removal of the vertical separation to the ICANN Board. Copies were furnished to the U.S. [[NTIA]] Assistant Secretary [[Larry Strickling]] and to Assistant Attorney General Christine Varney of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division. The EC cited some issues and recommendations, which include:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/eu-to-icann-17jun11-en.pdf Removal of Vertical Separation Between registries and Registrars for New and Existing gTLDs]</ref>

On June 17, 2011, the Information Society and Media Directorate General of the [[European Commission]] (EC) submitted a non-paper regarding ICANN's proposed full removal of the vertical separation to the ICANN Board. Copies were furnished to the U.S. [[NTIA]] Assistant Secretary [[Larry Strickling]] and to Assistant Attorney General Christine Varney of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division. The EC cited some issues and recommendations, which include:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/eu-to-icann-17jun11-en.pdf Removal of Vertical Separation Between registries and Registrars for New and Existing gTLDs]</ref>

* Vertical separation provides a balanced playing field for competition between registrars. The absence of expert advice to remove vertical separation and stakeholders consensus shows that the move may be premature and might result in negative market output for consumers.

* Vertical separation provides a balanced playing field for competition between registrars. The absence of expert advice to remove vertical separation and stakeholders consensus shows that the move may be premature and might result in negative market output for consumers.

* The procedural approach of ICANN to refer an application to relevant antitrust authorities for "expert analysis and ante determination" overlooks the fact that competition authorities have limited powers in implementing rules, which is based on a case to case market analysis. ICANN did not clearly identify specific laws that will serve as basis of its jurisdiction to determine if there are concerns regarding competition. Referral to competition authorities depends on ICANN's discretion.

* The procedural approach of ICANN to refer an application to relevant antitrust authorities for "expert analysis and ante determination" overlooks the fact that competition authorities have limited powers in implementing rules, which is based on a case to case market analysis. ICANN did not clearly identify specific laws that will serve as basis of its jurisdiction to determine if there are concerns regarding competition. Referral to competition authorities depends on ICANN's discretion.

Thus, The EC encouraged ICANN to reconsider decision to implement the full removal of vertical separation of registries and registrars and to follow these suggestions:

Thus, The EC encouraged ICANN to reconsider decision to implement the full removal of vertical separation of registries and registrars and to follow these suggestions:

# Conduct independent economic and legal expert studies regarding the present situation of the domain name market and evaluate the impact of the existing restrictions on vertical integration. The impact of partially or totally removing the restriction on innovation and to consumers.

# Conduct independent economic and legal expert studies regarding the present situation of the domain name market and evaluate the impact of the existing restrictions on vertical integration. The impact of partially or totally removing the restriction on innovation and to consumers.

# Provide comments regarding the procedural concerns raised by EC.

# Provide comments regarding the procedural concerns raised by EC.

==Emergency Back-up Registry Operators (EBEROs)== <!--T:13-->

==Emergency Back-up Registry Operators (EBEROs)==

In connection with the implementation of [[New gTLD Program|new gTLDs]], ICANN designed a new program known as '''Emergency Back-up Registry Operators''' (EBEROs) to ensure the safety and security of the [[DNS|domain name system]]. EBEROs are to be activated in circumstances wherein a new registry operator needs help to maintain critical functions for a period or time or during transition from one registry operator to another. A Request for Proposal (RFP) was issued by ICANN to solicit applications from entities interested to serve as EBEROs on September 14, 2011.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-14sep11-en.htm Safe and Secure New gTLDs: ICANN Seeks Back-up Registry Operators | (Emergency Back-End Registry Operators or "EBEROs")]</ref>

In connection with the implementation of [[New gTLD Program|new gTLDs]], ICANN designed a new program known as '''Emergency Back-up Registry Operators''' (EBEROs) to ensure the safety and security of the [[DNS|domain name system]]. EBEROs are to be activated in circumstances wherein a new registry operator needs help to maintain critical functions for a period or time or during transition from one registry operator to another. A Request for Proposal (RFP) was issued by ICANN to solicit applications from entities interested to serve as EBEROs on September 14, 2011.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-2-14sep11-en.htm Safe and Secure New gTLDs: ICANN Seeks Back-up Registry Operators | (Emergency Back-End Registry Operators or "EBEROs")]</ref>

==gTLD Registry Continuity Framework== <!--T:14-->

==gTLD Registry Continuity Framework==

ICANN partnered with expert [[gTLD]] & [[ccTLD]] registries as well as members of the technical community in developing a gTLD Registry Continuity Framework, which aims to protect existing registrants and to ensure confidence in the DNS. Core ICANN values served as guidelines in developing the framework, which aims to:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registries/continuity gTLD Registry Continuity]</ref>

ICANN partnered with expert [[gTLD]] & [[ccTLD]] registries as well as members of the technical community in developing a gTLD Registry Continuity Framework, which aims to protect existing registrants and to ensure confidence in the DNS. Core ICANN values served as guidelines in developing the framework, which aims to:<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registries/continuity gTLD Registry Continuity]</ref>

* Maintain and develop the operational stability, reliability, security, and global interoperability of the Internet.

* Maintain and develop the operational stability, reliability, security, and global interoperability of the Internet.

* Be responsive and speedy in taking actions to resolve the needs of the Internet community and obtain informed input from affected entities during the decision making process.

* Be responsive and speedy in taking actions to resolve the needs of the Internet community and obtain informed input from affected entities during the decision making process.

ICANN's Timeline for its Continuity Initiatives is available [http://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/unmanaged/images/continuity-efforts-timeline-2009-2010-03feb10-en.png '''here''']

ICANN's Timeline for its Continuity Initiatives is available [http://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/unmanaged/images/continuity-efforts-timeline-2009-2010-03feb10-en.png '''here''']

==References== <!--T:16-->

==References==

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[[Category: Glossary]]

[[Category: Glossary]]

[[Category:Articles with Chinese]]

[[Category:Articles with Chinese]]