Changes

==Background==

==Background==

France Telecom was established as Direction Générale des Télécommunications from 1889 until 1988 as part of the French Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Since the invention of telegraphy and telephony, the French government monopolized the telecommunications services in the country. In 1987, The European Commission initiated the liberalization of the telecommunications market in European countries and published the ''“Green Paper on the Development of the Common Market for Telecommunications Services and Equipment.”'' On July 2, 1990, the French law no. 90-568 was enacted to form France Telecom as “société anonyme” (French Corporation),  a public service provider governed by corporate law in accordance with the French Postal and Telecommunication Code. In 1991, French Telecom became an independent operator under public law, which means it is still controlled  by the government. In 1995, the Direction Général des Postes et Télécommunications (DGPT) issued public consultation document to open competition in the telecommunications industry. In 1996, the French Parliament enacted the Experimental Licensing Bill and eventually on December 31, 1996, French Telecom was incorporated and became privatized in 1997. The following year, the telecommunications industry in France became open to competition.  

France Telecom was established as Direction Générale des Télécommunications from 1889 until 1988 as part of the French Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Since the invention of telegraphy and telephony, the French government monopolized the telecommunications services in the country. In 1987, The European Commission initiated the liberalization of the telecommunications market in European countries and published the ''“Green Paper on the Development of the Common Market for Telecommunications Services and Equipment.”'' On July 2, 1990, the French law no. 90-568 was enacted to form France Telecom as “société anonyme” (French Corporation),  a public service provider governed by corporate law in accordance with the French Postal and Telecommunication Code. In 1991, French Telecom became an independent operator under public law, which means it is still controlled  by the government. In 1995, the Direction Général des Postes et Télécommunications (DGPT) issued public consultation document to open competition in the telecommunications industry. In 1996, the French Parliament enacted the Experimental Licensing Bill and eventually on December 31, 1996, French Telecom was incorporated and became privatized in 1997. The following year, the telecommunications industry in France became open to competition. <ref>

[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/35/32482712.pdf Regulatory Reform in France, Regulatory Reform in the Telecommunications Sector]</ref>  

[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/35/32482712.pdf Regulatory Reform in France, Regulatory Reform in the Telecommunications Sector]</ref>  

<ref>[http://www.orange.com/en_EN/group/governance/att00008709/Bylawsupdated19.01.2011.pdf France Telecom Bylaws]</ref>  

<ref>[http://www.orange.com/en_EN/group/governance/att00008709/Bylawsupdated19.01.2011.pdf France Telecom Bylaws]</ref>  

<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/France-Telecom-Group-company-History.html France Telecom Group History]</ref>

<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/France-Telecom-Group-company-History.html France Telecom Group History]</ref>

==The Orange Brand==

==The Orange Brand==