Changes

==History==

==History==

The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s, which eventually necessitated a de-centralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions included plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent IT community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>

The need for a hierarchical [[DNS]] arose with the popularity of the Internet in academic spheres in the early 1980s, which eventually necessitated a decentralized Internet. Communications between [[The Stanford Research Institute NIC]] and other institutions included plans to create a hierarchical [[DNS]], and can be found in [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc805.txt RFC 805], a group document from 1982. This document outlines many of the basics of the eventual [[DNS]], including the need for [[TLD]]s to provide a fixed starting point for queries, and the need for [[SLD]]s to be unique. This, in turn, would necessitate the need for a [[registrar]] type of administration, and help the nascent IT community recognize that the distribution of responsibility for each domain to individual name servers would provide administrative advantages.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns_history.htm Living Internet]</ref>

==Varieties of TLDs==

==Varieties of TLDs==

There are different types of TLDs.   

There are different types of TLDs.   

* [[GTLD]]s, which includes [[STLD]]s

* [[gTLD]]s, which includes [[sTLD]]s

* [[ccTLD]]s

* [[ccTLD]]s

These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:

These TLDs operate in different manners, and can be categorized in some simple ways:

* Operating Mode

* Operating Mode:

**Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.

** Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.

**Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.

** Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.

* Level of Restriction

* Level of Restriction:

**Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.

** Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.

**Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name.

** Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria be met to qualify in order to provision a name.

**Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc).

** Sponsored - A variation on Restricted, the applicant for a domain in an [[STLD]] must meet the requirements within that TLD (ie. [[.jobs]] would require that Human Resources be involved, [[.travel]] would require certain Travel criteria are met, etc).

==Innovations==

==Innovations==

At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] fast track process, which made way for [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>

At its Seoul conference in 2009, [[ICANN]] approved the [[IDN]] [[ccTLD]] Fast Track process, which allowed [[ccTLD]]s to be written in non-latin characters. Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates are some of the first countries to advance in the application and implementation process.<ref>[http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978296758 Gather.com]</ref>

 

==References==

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{reflist}}

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[[Category: Glossary]]

[[Category: Glossary]]