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==Whois History==
 
==Whois History==
During the foundational period of the Internet the only organization that was responsible for the administration of domain name registrations was [[DARPA]]. As the Internet grew in the 1980s, the Whois system appeared with the purpose of administering and looking-up domain names, registrants and other resourcesrelated to domain name registration. Still, at that time there was only the one organization registering domains, so the system acted as a centralized query-based server. Over time the number of [[gTLD]]s significantly increased, which led to complex networks of registrars and related associations; in response the Whois servers became stronger and less permissive.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois Whois History]</ref>
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During the foundational period of the Internet the only organization that was responsible for the administration of domain name registrations was [[DARPA]]. As the Internet grew in the 1980s, the Whois system appeared with the purpose of administering and looking-up domain names, registrants and other resources related to domain name registration. Still, at that time there was only the one organization registering domains, so the system acted as a centralized query-based server. Over time the number of [[gTLD]]s significantly increased, which led to complex networks of registrars and related associations; in response the Whois servers became stronger and less permissive.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois Whois History]</ref>
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How to maintain both a privacy secure and safe Whois system, and an accurate database for contacts for any domain registrant, has been one of the most intractable issues at [[ICANN]]. Whois is one of 4 issues areas that is subject to Independent Review under ICANN's Affirmation of Commitments with the [USG|U.S. Government]].<ref name="Deja Whois">[http://news.dot-nxt.com/2013/01/16/deja-whois Deja Whois, News.Dot-Nxt]Published & Retrieved 17 Jan 2013]</ref> At [[ICANN 45]] in Toronto, the fist opening ceremony address by new ICANN CEO, [[Fadi Chehadé]], he memorably said that the Whois problem should not have been drawn out for 12 years and should not be a difficult problem to solve.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10941-chehade-sets-out-12-point-plan-for-next-six-months Chehade Sets out 12 Point PLan for Next 6 months, DomainIncite.com]Retrieved 17 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/press/kits/toronto45/video-chehade-15oct12-en.htm Video Chehade, ICANN.org]Retrieved 17 Jan 2013</ref>
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How to maintain both a privacy secure and safe Whois system, and an accurate database for contacts for any domain registrant, has been one of the most intractable issues at [[ICANN]]. Whois is one of 4 issues areas that is subject to Independent Review under ICANN's Affirmation of Commitments with the U.S. Government.<ref name="Deja Whois">[http://news.dot-nxt.com/2013/01/16/deja-whois Deja Whois, News.Dot-Nxt]Published & Retrieved 17 Jan 2013]</ref> At [[ICANN 45]] in Toronto, the fist opening ceremony address by new ICANN CEO, [[Fadi Chehadé]], he memorably said that the Whois problem should not have been drawn out for 12 years and should not be a difficult problem to solve.<ref>[http://domainincite.com/10941-chehade-sets-out-12-point-plan-for-next-six-months Chehade Sets out 12 Point PLan for Next 6 months, DomainIncite.com]Retrieved 17 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/press/kits/toronto45/video-chehade-15oct12-en.htm Video Chehade, ICANN.org]Retrieved 17 Jan 2013</ref>
    
In late 2012, a senior executive at ICANN was brought in to focus exclusively on Whois.<ref name ="Deja Whois"></ref>
 
In late 2012, a senior executive at ICANN was brought in to focus exclusively on Whois.<ref name ="Deja Whois"></ref>
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==Whois Protocol==
 
==Whois Protocol==
The origin of Whois Protocol is in the ARPANET NICNAME protocol, which was developed based on NAME/FINGER Protocol (discussed in [[RFC742]] from 1977). In 1982, in [[RFC812]], the NICNAME/WHOIS protocol was presented for the first time by  [[Ken Harrenstien]] and [[Vic White]] from SRI International - Network Information Center. While Whois was first used on the Network Control Program, its main use was eventually determined by the standardization of TCO/IP across the ARPNET and Internet.
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The origin of Whois Protocol is in the ARPANET NICNAME protocol, which was developed based on NAME/FINGER Protocol (discussed in [[RFC742]] from 1977). In 1982, in [[RFC812]], the NICNAME/WHOIS protocol was presented for the first time by  [[Ken Harrenstien]] and [[Vic White]] from SRI International - Network Information Center. While Whois was first used on the Network Control Program, its main use was eventually determined by the standardization of TCP/IP across the ARPNET and Internet.
    
==Whois Replacements/Alternatives==
 
==Whois Replacements/Alternatives==
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A Thick Whois Server stores complete and accurate information from all registrars regarding registered domain names and their registrants. This information is available to the registry operator and it can facilitate bulk transfers of all domain names to another registrar in the event of a registrar failure. Thick Whois also enables faster queries.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/com_net_thick_or_thin/ .COM and .NET: Thick Or Thin?]</ref>
 
A Thick Whois Server stores complete and accurate information from all registrars regarding registered domain names and their registrants. This information is available to the registry operator and it can facilitate bulk transfers of all domain names to another registrar in the event of a registrar failure. Thick Whois also enables faster queries.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/com_net_thick_or_thin/ .COM and .NET: Thick Or Thin?]</ref>
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In November 2011, ICANN Staff issued a Preliminary Issue Report on 'Thick' Whois to determine if the [[GNSO]] Council needs to conduct a [[PDP|Policy Development Process]] (PDP) regarding the Whois requirements made of existing [[gTLD]]s.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/public-comment/thick-whois-preliminary-report-21nov11-en.htm Preliminary Issue Report on 'Thick' Whois]</ref> The ICANN community was divided on the issue. In a statement, [[Verisign]] said that it will ''"neither advocate for nor against the initiation of a PDP."''The company also argued that its Whois model for [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.name]] and [[.jobs]] is effective but if the internet community and its customers believed that thick Whois is a better, it will respect and implement the policy. The [[Intellectual Property Constituency]] supports Whois implementation. The constituency believed that it will help prevent abuses on intellectual property rights and consumer fraud. <ref>[http://domainincite.com/fight-brewing-over-thick-com-whois/ Fight brewing over thick .com Whois]</ref> On the other hand, [[Wendy Seltzer]] of the [[NCUC|Non-Commercial Users Constituency]] (NCUC) expressed her concern on the impact of further Whois expansion on privacy rights. She pointed out that, ''"Moving all data to the registry could facilitate invasion of privacy and decrease the jurisdictional control registrants have through their choice of registrar."''<ref>[http://forum.icann.org/lists/thick-whois-preliminary-report/msg00006.html NCUC Comments on Thick Whois]</ref>
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In November 2011, ICANN Staff issued a Preliminary Issue Report on 'Thick' Whois to determine if the [[GNSO]] Council needs to conduct a [[PDP|Policy Development Process]] (PDP) regarding the Whois requirements made of existing [[gTLD]]s.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/news/public-comment/thick-whois-preliminary-report-21nov11-en.htm Preliminary Issue Report on 'Thick' Whois]</ref> The ICANN community was divided on the issue. In a statement, [[Verisign]] said that it will ''"neither advocate for nor against the initiation of a PDP."'' The company also argued that its Whois model for [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.name]] and [[.jobs]] is effective but if the internet community and its customers believed that thick Whois is a better, it will respect and implement the policy. The [[Intellectual Property Constituency]] supports Whois implementation. The constituency believed that it will help prevent abuses on intellectual property rights and consumer fraud. <ref>[http://domainincite.com/fight-brewing-over-thick-com-whois/ Fight brewing over thick .com Whois]</ref> On the other hand, [[Wendy Seltzer]] of the [[NCUC|Non-Commercial Users Constituency]] (NCUC) expressed her concern on the impact of further Whois expansion on privacy rights. She pointed out that, ''"Moving all data to the registry could facilitate invasion of privacy and decrease the jurisdictional control registrants have through their choice of registrar."''<ref>[http://forum.icann.org/lists/thick-whois-preliminary-report/msg00006.html NCUC Comments on Thick Whois]</ref>
    
In February 2012, the GNSO Council postponed its decision to determine if it is necessary for Verisign to implement the thick Whois database on .com and all the other gTLDs under its management. The Policy Development Process regarding the issue was also delayed due to the request of the NCUC. All registry operators except Verisign were required to implement Thick Whois.<ref> [http://domainincite.com/thick-com-whois-policy-delayed/ Thick .com Whois policy delayed]</ref> In August, 2012, the GNSO Council, along with two other ICANN constituencies sent a letter to ICANN chastising it for its decision to not require Verisign to implement Thick Whois for the [[.com]] TLD.<ref>[http://domainnamewire.com/2012/08/21/constituencies-blast-icanns-closed-door-verisign-com-contract-renewal/ Constituencies Blast ICANNs Closed Door Verisign Com Contract Renewal, DomainNameWire.com]</ref>
 
In February 2012, the GNSO Council postponed its decision to determine if it is necessary for Verisign to implement the thick Whois database on .com and all the other gTLDs under its management. The Policy Development Process regarding the issue was also delayed due to the request of the NCUC. All registry operators except Verisign were required to implement Thick Whois.<ref> [http://domainincite.com/thick-com-whois-policy-delayed/ Thick .com Whois policy delayed]</ref> In August, 2012, the GNSO Council, along with two other ICANN constituencies sent a letter to ICANN chastising it for its decision to not require Verisign to implement Thick Whois for the [[.com]] TLD.<ref>[http://domainnamewire.com/2012/08/21/constituencies-blast-icanns-closed-door-verisign-com-contract-renewal/ Constituencies Blast ICANNs Closed Door Verisign Com Contract Renewal, DomainNameWire.com]</ref>
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