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Sophia Bekele

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Blog: [Sophia's Blog Sophia's Blog]
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Twitter:    @sophiabekele

Ms. Sophia Bekele is a business and corporate executive, an international entrepreneur in the field of IT, corporate governance & risk management, international policy adviser on ICT/Telcom to public and private enterprise & an ICT activist. She has maintained a successful career track record spanning over a decade of constant professional activity working for Fortune 500 Companies and transnational business ownership/operation. Bekele has founded and run various International start-ups amongst them CBS International and DotConnectAfrica and implemented successful projects as well as launched companies into new markets.

Bekele was elected and served as a member of the ICANN Council of the GNSO (Generic Names Supporting Organization), which advises on global internet policy and the policy development work on new generic Top Level Domain name.[1] During her term at ICANN, she has championed the IDN Policy Dialog for the international community. Concurrently, Bekele initiated the first African-run Registry for a .africa TLD, under DotConnectAfrica Trust, and run a successful 6-year “Yes2dotAfrica” global awareness campaign.[2] [3][4]

Bekele is of Ethiopian decent but studied in the USA for her Bachelor's Degree in Business Analysis and Information Systems at San Francisco State University and earned her Master of Business Administration (MBA) in management Information Systems from Golden Gate University, San Francisco, California. She is also a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA, Certified Control Specialist (CCS), and Certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT (CGEIT). Bekele travels globally for her work and shuttles regularly between her residences in Walnut Creek, California and Africa, where she has a firm based in business and family.[5] [6]

In 2013, Bekele was named Top “50 Trailblazers – A future made in Africa”, by the influential UK’s NewAfrican Magazine, an IC Publications group, “Collector’s Edition” which coincides with the continent’s 50th anniversary celebrations of the African Union, and featured individuals “who are realizing significant achievements in their specific field of endeavor” and who are “breaking ground, making Africa proud and propelling it into a future of great hope.” [7][8] [9][10] [11][12] Bekele was also named as one of the “two leading ladies in Africa’s ICT sector” by “Bloomberg TV”[13] and enumerated in “African Women to Watch” a prime TV program, that “celebrates the most fearless, competitive and visionary African women of our time” , and explores “the women working hard to close the gender gap and shaping the continent’s social, political and economic landscape”.

ICANN Work[edit | edit source]

Ms. Bekele was nominated to serve on ICANN's GNSO policy board from 2005-2007, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Vinton Cerf. Elected by the NomCom[14] , Sophia was the first African to serve and hold a seat on the GNSO. During her tenure, Sophia worked and participated on the development of policy over the New gTLD programme for ICANN that which is now approved for implementation and saw the application of 1930 new gTLDs at ICANN[15][16] [17] [18]. Sophia was instrumental in initiating policy dialogue over IDNs as well as the formation of an IDN working group. Ms. Bekele initiated the formation of the AfriICANN grouping within ICANN

"I am most interested in the issues of emerging economies and the use of ICT and the growth of Internet or lack thereof over these environments. Therefore, the policies developed by ICANN over issues governing the global Internet particularly domain names could determine the gap in the digital divide within these economies...I have also initiated and pursuing the efforts for a successful launch of the '.Africa' continental domain name project within ICANN and the global African community” Sophia Bekele, Statement of Interest ICANN, 2005-2007 [19]

Championing the International Domain Name (IDN) Policy[edit | edit source]

As a gNSO adviser to ICANN Bekele participated actively in policy development for IDNs and campaigned for the efforts to introduce IDNs in the ICANN policy dialog. She was later credited for championing the inclusion of the global IDN community within this policy dialogue and nominated to chair ICANN's IDN Working Group. She was one of the co-authors of ICANN's IDN policy guidelines.[20][21][22] [23][24]

Bekele successfully made the case at ICANN on behalf of the global IDN community. In a written Testimonial,the various leadership of the IDN group gave her the following citations:

"Bekele was very influential in drafting the IDN policy guidelines as well as developed a framework for leading a language group. This required contentious and controversial matters with complicated political and commercial implications and interests. Ms Bekele strongly advocated and further went on to aggressively bring the voices of the global public of early adapters of IDN businesses and countries who implemented IDNs to the policy of ICANN" -Mr. Yoav Karen,the then Member of the ICANN's President IDN Advisory Committee, Current ICANN gNSO Council member and Executive member of the IDRU.[25]
"..Ms. Bekele, as a former gNSO advisor to ICANN, you have worked hard and long to champion Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs). You have made the case within ICANN for a policy development process that will see IDNs in service of the world community. And you have done so successfully." - David Allen Executive Director 05 December 2010, Internationalized Domain Resolution Union. [26]
"The call for such Pan-African brand was largely initiated by Sophia Bekele who is no new-comer to spearheading new ways of thinking at ICANN. Years ago, her heroic efforts during her tenure as a newbie GNSO advisor to ICANN, in reversing the disastrous and misguided course that IDN policy took within ICANN at that time is now well documented and clearly attested to by the opposite direction in which the IDN portion of the new GTLD process at ICANN has since gone as bespeaks a true visionary, while she never been shy of controversy, under her stewardship DCA for the past 5 years continued with unflagging effort to promote the cause and need for .africa gtld. The Tireless campaign for .Africa has earned DCA respects in the ranks of internet technology movers and shakers" - Dr. Subbiah, Chairman iDNS.net Intl, Ex Stanford University, Co Inventor of IDN.[27]
"During my acquaintance with Sophia, she was championing IDNs which I had previously implemented in March 1998...., Sophia pushed very hard for a policy dialog through the GNSO Board and finally through the ICANN Board, where we now have IDN policy formally ......I found Sophia to be a quick learner on new issues, persistence and courageous. She is a team player with integrity." - Dr. Tin Wee Tan, Associate Professor, Dept of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, INTERNET HALL of FAMER[28]

Championing the .africa (dotAfrica) gTLD Project[edit | edit source]

Following her important experiences gained from her work as gNSO advisor to ICANN and successful achievement of IDN work for ICANN and for the global internet community, Bekele started the DotAfrica initiative. Bekele made a clear case for a DotAfrica (.africa) gTLD for Africa within ICANN and also the global Internet Community on behalf of the global African and Pan-African constituency.[29],[30] ,[31],[32]. She soon led the .africa initiative[33]. under a successful venture DotConnectAfrica organization, a non-profit, non partisan self start-up, and traveled throughout the various African countries and globally speaking and advocating the benefit of adapting to a .AFRICA Top Level Domain name (TLD) for the African Continent. Her most significant accomplishment so far for the .africa gTLD project is undertaking and sustaining a successful global campaign,under a “Yes2dotafrica” theme, energizing it and giving it global momentum and raising its Pan-African and International profile to a position of relevance, and introducing it to the Pan-African inter-governmental organizations – the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the African Union Commission (AUC) and getting them to endorse it.[34] , [35]. Bekele's presentations, speeches and publications used for this global campaign and promotional work to create awareness of the .africa TLD are are chronicled by the international and local media and the internet widely and captured on the Organization's website.[36]

Bekele therefore was recognized and credited for her global campaign efforts by the global internet community as well as various leading African and International media. As such, was credited by the Economist as "leading the .africa initiative"[37]. The Diplomat East Africa named her "Brains Behind .africa" [38]. Enterprise Technology Magazine called her "Sophia Bekele: Ethiopian Champion of .africa initiative" [39] The New African Uk, named her one of 50 African Trailblazers under 50, noting her successful six-year Yes2dotAfrica global awareness campaign for the Africa Top Level Domain Name.[40] CIO East Africa calling her views "controversial" on who should run gTLDs, saying "Sophia Bekele has been in the news if not for promoting DotConnectAfrica’s bid for the DotAfrica geographical gTLD for the past three years, then in a controversial statement about the same":

".. Governments have a role to play, especially regarding the establishment of an enabling and supportive environment for ICT initiatives to thrive. However, there is a role for everybody, and global Internet governance is currently based on a multi-stakeholder modeled by ICANN. Governments already have their two-code country-level top-level domains (cc TLDs), but they also have a role to endorse geographical gTLDs. The problem is that this power to endorse is often interpreted and extended to include overall sovereignty over the new gTLD. We believe this should not be the case since it is monopolistic and anti-competitive coupled with problems of lack of transparency and accountability...-Sophia Bekele, in an interview on 09 March 2012, for the main story of CIO East Africa, [41]."

Bekele currently oversees the .africa new gTLD initiative of DotConnectAfrica Trust. As Executive Director of DCA Trust & CEO of DotConnectAfrica Registry Services Limited, she has led a multi-national team of experts to prepare and submit an application for the DotAfrica (.AFRICA) generic Top-Level Domain. DotConnectAfrica Trust (DCA Trust) has already submitted an application in May 2012 for the .AFRICA (pronounced as ‘DotAfrica’) geographic name string[42] to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a U.S.-based non-profit organization that is overseeing the global Internet expansion project to introduce new generic Top-Level Domain Names (gTLDs) under the new gTLD Program.

Controversies[edit | edit source]

In October 2012, DCA published a press release saying that their Wikipedia sites willfully sabotaged. Entries on Wikipedia sites containing DotConnectAfrica, .africa, and Sophia Bekele [43],were modified. According to the press release, some information that had been unmodified for over five years were removed from Wikipedia and replaced by new versions where DCA's involvement with .africa, DCA's working history, and Bekele's credentials were downplayed.[44] The Press Release states this was done by DotConnectAfrica's opponents on .africa controversies.

The information from Wikipedia was captured by the biography of her personal website[45]

CBS International[edit | edit source]

Ms. Bekele founded CBS International, a private corporation with the goal of technology transfer to emerging economies. The company also consults on Systems Integration, Internet solutions, Business Process Engineering, implementation of Corporate Strategy & Governance, Sarbane Oxley compliance initiatives, public policy on ICT/telecom. It is based near Silicon Valley, California.

CBS International also set up SbCommunications Network, an Ethiopian IT company. In 2002 SbCNet was known for being successfully awarded a highly controversial bid for a government contract to build an integrated information network infrastructure for the Ethiopian Parliament.[46]

Ms. Bekele and her company CBS International has also assisted various U.S. Clients in the public/private markets, primarily in corporate governance and risk management areas, including the recent Sarbanes-Oxley ACT, GAAP & PCAOB. In these areas, her selected clients has included OnScreen Technologies, Inc. (OTC), Intel Corp. (Nasdaq) BDO Sieldman LLP, Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB), Genentech Corp (Gene).[47]

DotConnectAfrica (DCA)[edit | edit source]

Bekele’s recent venture is the establishment of the DotConnectAfrica Trust and DotConnectAfrica Registry Services Limited, which is well-known for its successful six year Yes2dotAfrica global awareness campaign for the .Africa Top Level Domain Name. Bekele made a clear case for a DotAfrica (.africa) gTLD for Africa within ICANN and introduced it to the PanAfrican organizations in Africa such as UNECA and African Union and the global publics. She then received endorsements from both organizations in 2008 and 2009 respectively, and the global IDN working group for her DotAfrica Initiative. Currently, Bekele's focus is on the .africa – a new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) for the Africa geographic name that she initiated during her appointment at ICANN. The project will be introduced and delegated for operation under ICANN’s new gTLD programme.

To successfully drive this vision and strategy, DCA has assembled a high-profile Global Strategic Advisory Team comprised of technology analysts and visionaries, Internet domain industry experts, entrepreneurs, business executives and leaders in various sectors and walks of life, to provide strategic guidance and input to the work of DCA on a regular basis. To learn more on DCA's work, its organizational structure, partnerships and locations, please refer to DotConnectAfrica

Speakings and Writings[edit | edit source]

Sophia is regularly invited to speak on international foras to present her work in technology transfer, and has been credited for bringing powerful advanced information technology to the developing world, with long-standing initiatives to bring the internet to Africa. She has made a keynote address at the City University of New York (CUNY) 2014 Young African Leadership Symposium, spoke on Digital Innovation in Africa and moderated a high-level panel on US-Africa Relations in Gabon, a keynote remark for the ITU International Girls day in 2014 in Addis Ababa, spoke at the Yale University on 'Africa: Economic Development Through Technology', a high-level panel on ICT at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, ITU “ConnectAfrica” Heads of State submit in Kigali Rwanda, and Women in Business in Stanford California alongside founders and executives of Pandora, YouTube, Gmail, and Yahoo featuring people that have made great impact!, Rebranding Africa with African Leadership Retreat in South Africa, How to build a Top Level Domain Community in Munich, Germany and a KeyNote at the "Launch of the Dot Africa East African campaign" during the annual AITEC East Africa Summit". [48]

She has been involved in public affairs commentary and continues to write articles on technology for development, Internet Governance, cyber security, regional economic integration, good governance, business and politics; that have been published in different newspapers, journals and Internet web sites [49]

Other Endeavors and Leadership Positions[edit | edit source]

With registered successes in ICT project delivery, Bekele has been elected and served on a number of United Nations initiatives, such as the UN-ICT Taskforce and UNECA-sponsored African Information Society Initiative (AISI) and East African Representative to the African Regional Network (ARN), UNGAID, and UNPAN, where she represents the private sector in discussions about the economic development of Africa.[50] [51] [52] The African Information Society Initiative (AISI) advised the UN Under-Secretary General of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa on building a new information society for Africa. The ATAC formulated policy and provided policy guidance and direction especially on how to reduce the digital divide between the developed countries of the West and Africa. During this period of her appointment to the African Technical Advisory Committee (ATAC)[53] by H.E. K.Y. Amoako, then Executive Secretary of the UNECA, Bekele co-authored the 'Common Position for Africa's Digital Inclusion'[54], which was developed in response to the ECA Conference of Minister's Resolution 812 (XXXI)[55]. The 'Common Position' was a blueprint that reflected Africa's ICT position communicated to various global forums such as the G8 DOT Force, ECOSOC, the UN Task Force, World Economic Forum, NEPAD initiatives, etc. She has since continued to use this identifying framework for future ICT projects and activities that are geared towards building a 21st-century e-enabled society in Africa.

Bekele is also a co-founder and Executive Board Member of Internet Society Chapter (ISOC) San Francisco Bay[56] and was elected and served for two tenures as Alumni Board member of Golden Gate University. Bekele was a former Board Member of ISACA (Information Systems and Control Association), and a steering committee member to the World Affairs Council, Contra Costa. Bekele has also served as an Ambassador to various Rotary Clubs, where she has earned recognition of a Paul Harris Fellow for her contributions.[57]

Domain Industry Advocacy[edit | edit source]

Bekele's early advocacy work on New gTLDs and the Domain Industry in general can be attested through the tireless presentations, speeches and publications used as part of the global campaign and promotional work to create awareness of the .africa TLD; and are chronicled by the international and local media and the internet widely, and captured on the Organization's website [58]

Watch Sophia Bekele, discuss the domain industry during the African development Bank (ADB) annual meeting at Abidjan capital of Ivory Coast for the Movers & Shakers of Africa hosted by Jeff Koinange, former CNN Africa host and now at K24 [59] a Leading TV station in Kenya.

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External Links[edit | edit source]

  1. The Africa MIGworks event Addis ‐ Ababa, , The development of the DNS industry and business in Africa, 6 ‐8 March 2013
  2. Open letter to Congress, Sophia Bekele wrote an open letter to congress to defend status quo of internet governance, July 13, 2012
  3. Application to ICANN, , DCA Trust has applied to ICANN for the ".Africa" Geographic name, June 05, 2012
  4. Defending Multi Stakeholder model, , Bekele writing on Internet Governance:, April 5, 2012
  5. DotConnectAfrica Welcome 2012 - The Year for new gTLDs,Welcome 2012 - The Year for new gTLDs - Yes2dotAfrica Campaign, Jan 14, 2011
  6. DotConnectAfrica to ICANN, DCA's Executive Briefing Note following, Executive Briefing Note at the ICANN-42 Public Forum Meeting at Dakar, Senegal, Oct 23, 2011
  7. Champion of .africa, Sophia Bekele named as Champion of the .africa initiative,, June, 21, 2011
  8. Thank you Note, Bekele thankful for support and encouragement of the .africa initiative , June 11, 2011
  9. Open letter to NTIA-US Department of Commerce, Sophia Bekele sent an open letter to the NTIA making a preliminary case for the .africa gTLD, Jan 20, 2011
  10. DotConnectAfrica, spoke on way-forward on the contribution of the ".africa" name to an ICT enabled environment, and launched its "Yes to a .africa Campaign", at the AITEC ICT summit held in Nairobi, Kenya.html, Sep 11, 2010
  11. Bekele, Ms.Sophia Bekele, provided a Keynote address for AITEC Summit during the opening panel discussions.html, Sep 11,2010
  12. DotConnectAfrica, DotConnectAfrica registered maximum success in East Africa as the voice was echoed globally.html, April 06, 2010
  13. Policy Development,Statement of Interest (SOI) Members of the Vertical Integration Policy Development Process Working Group, April, 01, 2010
  14. Public Forum announcement, African Union endorsment of ".Africa" and urging for ICANN to expedite process for TLDs,Nairobi, March,11,2010
  15. DotConnectAfrica, African Union endorsed the domain name ".Africa" to DotConnectAfrica org, Addis Ababa, February 18, 2010
  16. Policy Development,Statement of Interest (SOI) for the Policy Development Process Steering Committee-Policy Development Team, March 19, 2009
  17. Internet Governance, Internet Governanace & Policy Divide, San Francisco, March 10, 2009
  18. Public Forum announcement, Continuing interest in the work of ICANN, IDNs and DotAfrica, Paris, June 25, 2008
  19. Farewells, ICANN Meeting...and had a lot of respect for, Cary Karp from registries, Mawaki Chango, noncommercial, Ross Rader, registrar, and Sophia Bekele, the NomCom appointee..., ICANN Public Forum, Part 2 Thursday, 1 November 2007
  20. DotAfrica, [http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/jpacomments2007/jpacomment_069.pdf DotAfrica�s position on JPA -National Telecommunications and Information Administration], NITA, Los Angeles, California, Feb 2008
  21. AfriICANN-discuss, A debate on dot.africa, Nov 2007
  22. AfrICANN-discuss, DotConnectAfrica's initiation of DotAfrica), Nov 2007
  23. Aftld-Discuss [AfriICANN-discuss], Who is DotAfrica?, Nov 2007
  24. ICANN IDN, GNSO Final report, Oct 2007
  25. AfriICANN-Discuss, [http://lists.aftld.org/pipermail/aftld-discuss/2007-October/000183.html Dot Africa�s position on fast tracking of IDN ccTLD], Oct 2007
  26. GNSO IDN, Comments in Response to the ccNSO-GAC Issues report on IDN Issues, Aug 2007
  27. GNSO IDN, Outcome Report of the GNSO IDN Working group, Mar 2007
  28. At-Large policy, Policy matters for conference call agenda, Mar 2007
  29. AfriIcann, Going forward with ICANN- The African Region Perspective, Mar 2007
  30. AfriICANN, ICANN - GNSo Policy update - presentation to African Group by Sophia Bekele, Lisbon, Mar 2007
  31. GNSO IDN, Outcome Report of the GNSO IDN WG, Mar 2007
  32. GNSO IDN Regarding IDN Working Group membership issues, Mar 2007
  33. ICANN IDN, IDN Working Group, Jan 2007
  34. GNSO-IDN-Working Group, IDN Chair Nomination, Oct 2006
  35. ICANNwiki, ICANNWiki Caricature, Wellington New Zealand, Mar 2006
  36. DotConnectAfrica's Website,dotconnectafrica.org - African's Map on Digital Inclusion, Mar 2006
  37. GNSO IDN On IDN dialog - a debate with John C. Klensin, On IDN dialog - a debate with John C. Klensin, Mar 2006
  38. ICANN, Nominating Committee | Biographical Information on the ..., Nov 2005
  39. ICANN NomComm ICANN | Nominating Committee Announces Final Selections for Key leadership positions..., Vancouver, Canada Nov 2005
  40. ICANN, Sophia Bekele, Statement of Interest, Nov 2005
  41. ISOC, appointment to a founding member & board of directors of Internet Society, San Francisco (ISOC-SF), San Francisco, Ca, March 2009
  42. GGU, Internet Governance and the policy divide, San Francisco, Ca, March 2009
  43. IP Justice, New Domain Names (gtlds), Sao Paulo Brazil, Dec 2006
  44. Andrew Mack, Andy's Global View: In a world of .com and .org, why not .Africa?, Sept 2007
  45. Del Rey Studios "A New Hope" the idea of 'ICANN The Movie' was born! Mar 2007
  46. TWiNic, NomComm announcement - Sophia Bekele, Nov 2005
  47. JPNic,NomComm announcement -Sophia Bekele, Nov 2005

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Sophia Bekele ICANN GNSO
  2. ↑ Governments have no role in managing gTLDs
  3. ↑ An Ethiopian woman fighting for .africa, a new generic Top-Level Domain
  4. ↑ New gTLD News: Connecting a Continent with .AFRICA
  5. ↑ Prodigal prodigy K Kaufman
  6. ↑ Ethiopian Women Unleashed
  7. ↑ Rotich, Jason Njoku, Alex Okosi, Sophia Bekele & Barrack Obama Named Top “50 African Trailblazers” By UK’s NewAfrican Magazine
  8. ↑ DCA’s Sophia Bekele named among “50 African Trailblazers” by NewAfrican Magazine
  9. ↑ Africa: DotConnectAfrica's Sophia Bekele Named One of 50 African Trailblazers
  10. ↑ [ http://naijacelebritynews.blogspot.com/2013/08/top-50-african-trailblazers-by-uks-new.htm/, Top “50 African Trailblazers” By UK’s New African Magazine: Juliana Rotich, Jason Njoku, Alex Okosi, Sophia Bekele & Barrack Obama Named]
  11. ↑ [ http://www.kenyanews.net/index.php/sid/214959307/scat/c1ab2109a5bf37ecAfrica: DotConnectAfrica's Sophia Bekele Named One of 50 African Trailblazers by NewAfrican Magazine]
  12. ↑ future made in Africa-50 Trailblazers under 50 MADE IN AFRICA!_New African page 59
  13. ↑ "African Women to Watch" - Sophia Bekele on Bloomberg TV
  14. ↑ Nominating Committee Announces Final Selections for Key Leadership Positions within ICANN 4 November 2005
  15. ↑ GNSO Activities
  16. ↑ Vertical Integration Policy Development Process Working Group
  17. ↑ OPEN Letter to US Department of Commerce
  18. ↑ DotConnectAfrica Welcome 2012 - The Year for new gTLDs
  19. ↑ Statement of Interest
  20. ↑ Sophia Bekele, Ethiopian champion of the dot africa initiative Enterprise Technology ICT Creatives
  21. ↑ IDN Language group Recommendation
  22. ↑ IDRU Endorsement
  23. ↑ GNSO-IDN-WG, IDN Chair Nomination, Oct 2006
  24. ↑ Bekele co-author of ICANN's IDN policy guidelines, Recommendations
  25. ↑ Testimony of Sophia Bekele's IDN work at ICANN
  26. ↑ ::Endorsement of Dotafrica (.africa) Initiative, 05 December 2010 by The International Domain Resolution Union
  27. ↑ Support Statement by Subbiah
  28. ↑ Dr. Tin Wee Tan, Associate Professor Recommendation
  29. ↑ Open Letter to US Department of Commerce National Telecommunication Information Administration (NTIA) making a preliminary case for the .africa gTLD
  30. ↑ DotConnectAfrica Statement to ICANN public forum Cartegena Columbia
  31. ↑ The .Africa project announced at public forum in Paris
  32. ↑ DCA statement to ICANN public forum, Colombia
  33. ↑ ‘ .Africa’ domain name to position Africa’s Web Industry
  34. ↑ The dotafrica Project initiative, August 8, 2008
  35. ↑ Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) Endorsment of DotConnectAfrica
  36. ↑ DCA Campaign Presentations and Speeches
  37. ↑ "Africa" get a make over?
  38. ↑ Africa, Towards a Digital Africa
  39. ↑ Bekele, Ethiopian champion of the dot africa
  40. ↑ Bekele, A future made in Africa-50 Trailblazers under 50 MADE IN AFRICA!_New African
  41. ↑ Governments have no roles in gTLDs
  42. ↑ New gTLDs - Application Details
  43. ↑ Sophia Bekele Proffesional website.
  44. ↑ Sabotage of Our Wikipedia Sites. Published 2012 October 1. Retrieved 2012 November 13.
  45. ↑ Sophia Bekele Biography
  46. ↑ Ethiopian Parliament Integrated Information Network Infrastructure
  47. ↑ Ethiopian Women Unleashed Mary-Jane Wagle; Betel Bekele (August 2012)
  48. ↑ Selected Speaking Sessions
  49. ↑ selected articles/presentations
  50. ↑ Sophia Bekele Leadership
  51. ↑ Nominating Committee | Biographical Information on the Nominees 2005
  52. ↑ Ethiopian Women Unleashed
  53. ↑ report of the meeting of partners for information and communication
  54. ↑ Common Position for Africa's Digital Inclusion
  55. ↑ 812 (XXXI). Implementation of the African Information Society Initiative (AISI)
  56. ↑ Founding Members ISOC San Francisco Bay
  57. ↑ Ethiopian Women Unleashed
  58. ↑ selected articles/presentations
  59. ↑ [dotafrica.tv/movers-and-shakers/]

Generic Names Supporting Organization. Develops and recommends to the Board substantive policies relating to generic top-level domains and other responsibilities set forth in the Bylaws (ICANN Bylaws).

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