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==History==
==History==
*Phone phreaking from the late 1950s through the early 1970s, which pre-dated the creation of ARPANET, marked the beginning of present-day hacking culture.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404817302249?casa_token=deFBX0B2eLMAAAAA:FXPmbrKThtFL1_aSpVTABhyEzhWMiQhyk3wXhXfX5WOewf7FSM9gEHvkYN_TNgqVbn5kJw5pl7Q Hatfield, Joseph. 2018. "Social engineering in cybersecurity." ''Computers & Security'', 73:102-113]</ref>
*Phone phreaking from the late 1950s through the early 1970s, which pre-dated the creation of ARPANET, marked the beginning of present-day hacking culture. Simple security tools, such as access controls and passwords, were implemented. Then came cryptographic applications, such as public-key cryptography, security verification, cryptographic protocols, and cryptographic hashing.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404817302249?casa_token=deFBX0B2eLMAAAAA:FXPmbrKThtFL1_aSpVTABhyEzhWMiQhyk3wXhXfX5WOewf7FSM9gEHvkYN_TNgqVbn5kJw5pl7Q Hatfield, Joseph. 2018. "Social engineering in cybersecurity." ''Computers & Security'', 73:102-113]</ref>
*The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was granted the first US patent for a cryptographic communication system in 1983.
*The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was granted the first US patent for a cryptographic communication system in 1983.
*By 1990, [[Malware]], malware detection, antivirus techniques, buffer overflow attacks, intrusion detection, and firewalls were in play.<ref>P.J. & D.E. Denning. (2016)."Cybersecurity is harder than building bridges."
Am Sci, 104(3):1-6</ref>
==Government Involvement==
==Government Involvement==