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'''ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)''' originally created by a small team of research expert that was funded by the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency|ARPA]] of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET is the original and first wide [[packet-switching network]].<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET--the First Internet]</ref>  

'''ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)''' originally created by a small team of research expert that was funded by the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency|ARPA]] of the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET is the original and first wide [[packet-switching]] network.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET--the First Internet]</ref>  

 

==Historical Background==

==Historical Background==

In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower instructed the creation of the Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) which later became [[DARPA]] <ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_darpa.htm DARPA/ARPA]</ref>  after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957. <ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Part I: The history of ARPA leading up to the ARPANET]</ref>

In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower instructed the creation of the Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) which later became [[DARPA]] <ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_darpa.htm DARPA/ARPA]</ref>  after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957. <ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Part I: The history of ARPA leading up to the ARPANET]</ref>

===Paul Baran's Packet Switching: The Basis ARPANET===

===Paul Baran's Packet Switching: The Basis of ARPANET===

The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[ Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using '''redundancy''' and '''digital''' technology." His idea was dismissed by many however, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisage a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes will serve as switches that will route information from one node to another until it reaches its final destination.  He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks"  before sending them out to a network. Each message block will be sent separately and will rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://icannwiki.com/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=1 Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>

The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[ Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using '''redundancy''' and '''digital''' technology." His idea was dismissed by many however, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisage a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes will serve as switches that will route information from one node to another until it reaches its final destination.  He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks"  before sending them out to a network. Each message block will be sent separately and will rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://icannwiki.com/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=1 Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>

===DARPA hired J.C.R. Licklider to Lead IPTO===

===J.C.R. Licklider Leads IPTO===

During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from [[BBN|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead  the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]] which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide are computer networks for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major Defense sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.

During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from [[BBN|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead  the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]] which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide are computer networks for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major Defense sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.

   

   

IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of California Berkeley|UCB]], [[University of California Los Angeles|UCLA ]], [[University of California Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[University of Illinois]], and the [[University of Utah]]. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as [[BBN]], [[Computer Corporation of America]], [[RAND]], [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and [[Systems Development Corporation]] to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm IPTO]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].

IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of California Berkeley|UCB]], [[University of California Los Angeles|UCLA ]], [[University of California Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[University of Illinois]], and the [[University of Utah]]. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as [[BBN]], [[Computer Corporation of America]], [[RAND]], [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and [[Systems Development Corporation]] to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm IPTO]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].

===Ivan Sutherland Became IPTO Director===

===Ivan Sutherland became IPTO Director===

Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]] who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in a memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract  [[Lawrence Roberts]] from [[MIT]] to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Merril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>

Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]] who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in a memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract  [[Lawrence Roberts]] from [[MIT]] to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Merril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>

===Robert Taylor Approved Creation of ARPANET===

===Robert Taylor Approval of ARPANET===

In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO director succeeding Sutherland. Greatly inspired by Licklider's vision of universal network, he lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by then DARPA Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]] if he will be able to organize the project. He was able to convince Toberts to join IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.

In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO director succeeding Sutherland. Greatly inspired by Licklider's vision of universal network, he lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by then DARPA Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]] if he will be able to organize the project. He was able to convince Toberts to join IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.

==Development of ARPANET==

==Development of ARPANET==

The realization of the vision of LIcklider for the ARPANET as universal communication network became evident in September 1969 when Leonard Kleinrock, head of the Network Measurement Center ([[NMC]]) at UCLA and his team which include Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Bill Naylor, Jon Postel, and Mike Wingfield connected one of the center's SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor ([[IMP]]). The team from UCLA were able to successfully exchange the message "Do it to it, Truett" with BBN hardware designer Ben Barker. On that day, ARPANET/Internet was born.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET-The First Internet]</ref>

 

 

 

The realization of the vision of Licklider for the ARPANET as a universal communication network became evident in September 1969 when Leonard Kleinrock, head of the Netwrok Measurement Center ([[NMC]]) at UCLA and his team which include [[Vinton Cerf]], [[Steve Crocker]], [[Bill Naylor]], [[Jon Postel]], and [[Mike Wingfield]] connected one of the center's SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor ([[IMP]]). The team from UCLA were able to successfully exchange the message, "Do it to it, Truett" with BBN hardware designer Ben Barker. On that day, ARPANET/Internet was born.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET-The First Internet]</ref>

The second node connected to the ARPANET was the NLS System (on-Line System) at the SRI which was developed by [[Douglas Engelbart]].<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_engelbart.htm Douglas Engelbart]</ref> This was the first full ARPANET network connection using an SDS-940 computer with the Genie Operating System and a 50 kbps line from [[AT&T]]. However, the first test did not work properly and the system crashed. The second test worked fine according to Kleinrock.

The second node connected to the ARPANET was the NLS System (on-Line System) at the SRI which was developed by [[Douglas Engelbart]].<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_engelbart.htm Douglas Engelbart]</ref> This was the first full ARPANET network connection using an SDS-940 computer with the Genie Operating System and a 50 kbps line from [[AT&T]]. However, the first test did not work properly and the system crashed. The second test worked fine according to Kleinrock.

The third connection added to the ARPANET was an IBM 360/75 computer using the OS/MVT operating system from the [[Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Centre]] at the University of California at Santa Barbara followed by the  DED PDP-q0 computer using a Tenex Operatin System from University of Utah Graphix Department. The first four nodes connected to the ARPANET became operational. From the beginnings of ARPANET, the development and growth of the internet increased rapidly.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET-The First Internet]</ref>

The third connection added to the ARPANET was an IBM 360/75 computer using the OS/MVT operating system from the [[Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Centre]] at the University of California at Santa Barbara followed by the  DED PDP-q0 computer using a Tenex Operatin System from University of Utah Graphix Department. The first four nodes connected to the ARPANET became operational.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET-The First Internet]</ref>

 

 

 

==References==

==References==