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'''.edu''' is one of the original top-level domain names ([[TLD]]) implemented in the root zone of the internet Domain Name System ([[DNS]]).  Domain name registrations for .edu is restricted for the use of accredited post secondary educational institutions in the United States. The registry operations of the domain name is operated by EDUCAUSE through a Cooperative Agreement granted by the United States Department of Commerce ([[DOC]]), the final authority in making decision regarding the membership and operations of .edu domain.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/domainname/educa/educa_102601.pdf Cooperative Agreement]</ref> <ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/faq.asp .edu FAQ]</ref>
'''.edu''' is one of the original [[TLD|top-level domain name]]s (TLD) implemented into the [[Root Zone|root zone]] of the Internet [[DNS|Domain Name System]] (DNS).  Domain name registrations for .edu are restricted to accredited post secondary educational institutions in the United States. The registry operations of the domain name are operated by [[EDUCAUSE]] through a Cooperative Agreement granted by the United States [[DOC|Department of Commerce]] (DOC), which is the final authority regarding the membership and operations of the .edu domain space.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/domainname/educa/educa_102601.pdf Cooperative Agreement]</ref> <ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/faq.asp .edu FAQ]</ref>
 
EDUCAUSE is a non-profit association dedicated to promoting the intelligent use of information technology to enhance higher education. It has offices in Boulder, Colorado and Washington, D.C.<ref>[http://www.educause.edu/about About EDUCAUSE]</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
.edu TLD was introduced by [[Jon Postel]] and [[Joyce Reynolds]] in 1984 through RFC 920 and it was implemented in the root zone of the internet DNS in 1985 along with [[.arpa]], [[.com]], [[.gov]], [[.mil]], [[.net]], and [[.org]]. Originally, the .edu TLD was intended for all educational institutions, however it was limited to four colleges and universities. The Network Information Center (NIC) was the first registrar for the TLDs.  
The .edu TLD was introduced by [[Jon Postel]] and [[Joyce Reynolds]] in 1984 through RFC 920. It was implemented in the root zone of the Internet DNS along with [[.arpa]], [[.com]], [[.gov]], [[.mil]], [[.net]], and [[.org]] in 1985. Originally, the .edu TLD was intended for all educational institutions, however Jon Postel later restricted the registration to four-year colleges and universities. The [[NIC|Network Information Center]] (NIC) was the first registrar for the TLDs.<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc920 RFC 920-Domain Requirements]</ref> In the early 1990s, the registration of non-military domain names .com, .edu, gov and .net, were transferred to [[Network Solutions]] through a Cooperative Agreement which was granted by the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>[http://faculty.law.wayne.edu/Weinberg/icannetc.pdf ICANN, “Internet Stability,” and New Top Level Domains]</ref> [[Network Solutions]] managed .edu domain name registrations until 2001. On October 21, 2001, EDUCAUSE signed a five-year Cooperative Agreement with the [[DOC]] to take over the administration of domain name registrations for .edu. The organization sub-contracted [[Verisign]] to provide the technical registry solutions.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/amendment-21-nsi-cooperative-agreement Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/educa_102601.pdf EDUCAUSE Cooperative Agreement]</ref><ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/supp3_102901.pdf Verisign Subcontract]</ref>
<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc920 RFC 920-Domain Requirements]</ref> In early 1990s, the registration of non-military domain names .com, .edu, gov and .net was transferred to Network Solutions through a Cooperative Agreement which was granted by the National Science Foundation.<ref>[http://faculty.law.wayne.edu/Weinberg/icannetc.pdf ICANN, “Internet Stability,” and New Top Level Domains]</ref> [[Network Solutions]] managed the domain name registrations of .edu TLD until 2001. On October 21, 2001, EDUCAUSE signed a five-year Cooperative Agreement with the DOC to take over the administration of domain name registrations for .edu TLD. The organization sub-contracted [[Verisign]] to provide the technical registry solutions for the organization <ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/amendment-21-nsi-cooperative-agreement Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/educa_102601.pdf EDUCAUSE Cooperative Agreement]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/supp3_102901.pdf Verisign Subcontract]</ref>


On February 2, 2006, the DOC renewed the .edu TLD Cooperative Agreement with EDUCAUSE for another five years. Under the new contract, EDUCAUSE was authorized to charge $40 yearly administration fee for every domain name and to implement policies that will prohibit the transfer of .edu domain names to other registrars.<ref> [http://www.educause.edu/Policy/PressReleases/eduInternetDomaintoContinueUnd/17099 .edu Internet Domain to Continue Under EDUCAUSE Management]</ref> On September 30, 2011, The Cooperative Agreement was again extended until 2016.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/edu_amendment_23.pdf Cooperative Agreement Amendment 23]</ref>
On February 2, 2006, the DOC renewed the .edu TLD Cooperative Agreement with EDUCAUSE for another five years. Under the new contract, EDUCAUSE was authorized to charge a $40 yearly administration fee for every domain name.<ref> [http://www.educause.edu/Policy/PressReleases/eduInternetDomaintoContinueUnd/17099 .edu Internet Domain to Continue Under EDUCAUSE Management]</ref> In 2008, the organization deployed [[IPv6]] to the .edu TLD.<ref>[http://www.educause.edu/About+EDUCAUSE/PressReleases/CommercesNTIAApplaudsEDUCAUSEs/139716 Commerce’s NTIA Applauds EDUCAUSE’s Move to IPv6 in .EDU Top Level Domain]</ref> On September 30, 2011, The Cooperative Agreement was again extended until 2016.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/edu_amendment_23.pdf Cooperative Agreement Amendment 23]</ref>


==Community Colleges Petition==
==Community Colleges Petition==
In 2000, the American Association of Community Colleges petitioned the Department of Commerce to allow them to be able register their domain names under the .edu TLD. During that time, George R. Boggs, president of the association said that it would be easier for students to access the websites of community colleges if their websites are registered under the .edu domain space. He said, "As our colleges are moving more and more into distance education, they want students to have easy access to what the colleges have to offer." In 1993, Jon Postel limited the .edu domain name registrations to 4-year colleges and universities while all other educational institutions were advised to register their domain names under country domains. Prior to the restriction, there were approximately 200 community colleges that were registered to .edu. According to Arthur Brodsky, then spokesperson of the  National Telecommunication Information Administration ([[NTIA]]), "Edu goes back to a time when they needed a way to identify supercomputing centers, and they were all universities, It's one of those pioneer things." At the time of the petition, the DOC was locked in a Cooperative Agreement with Network Solutions and changes can be implemented after the expiration of the contract in 2001. <ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591 RFC 1591]</ref> <ref>[http://amarillo.com/stories/112800/usn_community.shtml Community colleges want use of dot-edu Web names]</ref>
In 2000, the American Association of Community Colleges petitioned the Department of Commerce to allow them to register their domain names under the .edu TLD. George R. Boggs, President of the association, said that it would be easier for students to access the websites of community colleges if their websites were registered under the .edu domain space. He said, "As our colleges are moving more and more into distance education, they want students to have easy access to what the colleges have to offer." In 1993, Jon Postel limited the .edu domain name registrations to 4-year colleges and universities while all other educational institutions were advised to register their domain names under [[ccTLD]]s. Prior to the restriction, there were approximately 200 community colleges that were registered to .edu. According to Arthur Brodsky, then spokesperson of the  [[NTIA|National Telecommunication Information Administration]] (NTIA), ".edu goes back to a time when they needed a way to identify supercomputing centers, and they were all universities, It's one of those pioneer things." At the time of the petition, the DOC was locked in a Cooperative Agreement with Network Solutions and changes could not be implemented until after the expiration of the contract in 2001. <ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591 RFC 1591]</ref> <ref>[http://amarillo.com/stories/112800/usn_community.shtml Community colleges want use of dot-edu Web names]</ref>


==.EDU Eligibility Expansion==
===.EDU Eligibility Expansion===
EDUCAUSE proposed the inclusion of community colleges in the membership criteria for .edu TLD to DOC.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/eduproposal_102601.pdf EDUCAUSE's Proposal]</ref> On February  11, 2003, the organization announced that the eligibility for domain name registrations for .edu has been changed. All accredited post secondary institutions will be allowed to register their domain names starting April 2003. <ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/pr-eligibility.asp EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for .edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions]</ref>
EDUCAUSE proposed the inclusion of community colleges in the membership criteria for .edu TLD to DOC.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/eduproposal_102601.pdf EDUCAUSE's Proposal]</ref> On February  11, 2003, the organization announced that the eligibility for domain name registrations for .edu had been changed. All accredited post secondary institutions were to be allowed to register their domain names starting April, 2003. <ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/pr-eligibility.asp EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for .edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions]</ref> On October 21, 2004, a further update to the eligibility requirements was issued. Organizations aree classified as Category 1- Accredited Institutions and Category 2- System/District Offices. To establish their eligibility, entities must be established or recognized by a state, local or national government.<ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/policy.asp .edu Policy Information]</ref>


All domain names that were registered before October 29, 2001 were grandfathered to the EDUCAUSE system regardless of the existing eligibility criteria.<ref>[http://net.educause.edu/edudomain/show_faq.asp?code=EDUELIGIBILITY Eligibility for the .edu Domain]</ref>
==Deletion of Inactive .edu TLD==
In October, 2003, the DOC and EDUCAUSE started deleting all inactive .edu domain names to ensure the accuracy of the [[Whois]] data base. All registrants were notified to correct their information on the system. Notifications were sent through e-mail and follow-up were sent through the post. All domain names that were inactive were purged, examples include allison.edu, geraldine.edu and jedi.edu.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/educause_prepares_mass_purge_of_edu_domains EDUCAUSE Prepares Mass Purge of .EDU Domains]</ref>
==Caution to Internet Users==
There are some suspected, non-educational and accredited entities who are operating their websites under the .edu domain space because their domain names were registered prior to the establishment of the existing .edu TLD registration eligibility policy.
The Department of Commerce warns Internet users to be vigilant when dealing with institutions offering educational programs online and to research and be knowledgeable about the institution.<ref>[http://www2.ed.gov/students/prep/college/diplomamills/diploma-mills.html Diploma Mills and Accreditation - Diploma Mills]</ref>
==Hack==
On February 19th 2013, the .edu registry [[Educause]], suspended all passwords related to registrant access, data, and the Educause website after hackers seem to have stolen domain passwords. A spokesperson for the registry said, " “immediate steps to contain this breach and is working with Federal law enforcement, investigators, and security experts to make sure this incident is properly addressed.”<ref>[http://domainincite.com/11917-hackers-may-have-stolen-edu-domain-passwords Hackers May Have Stolen Edu Domain Passwords, DomainIncite.com] Published & Retrieved 19 Feb 2013</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
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__Notoc__




Latest revision as of 18:33, 7 May 2024

country: United States
Manager: EDUCAUSE
Registry Provider: Verisign
Date Implemented: 1985
Type: sponsored top level domain (sTLD)
Community: educational institutions
More information:

.edu is one of the original top-level domain names (TLD) implemented into the root zone of the Internet Domain Name System (DNS). Domain name registrations for .edu are restricted to accredited post secondary educational institutions in the United States. The registry operations of the domain name are operated by EDUCAUSE through a Cooperative Agreement granted by the United States Department of Commerce (DOC), which is the final authority regarding the membership and operations of the .edu domain space.[1] [2]

EDUCAUSE is a non-profit association dedicated to promoting the intelligent use of information technology to enhance higher education. It has offices in Boulder, Colorado and Washington, D.C.[3]

Background[edit | edit source]

The .edu TLD was introduced by Jon Postel and Joyce Reynolds in 1984 through RFC 920. It was implemented in the root zone of the Internet DNS along with .arpa, .com, .gov, .mil, .net, and .org in 1985. Originally, the .edu TLD was intended for all educational institutions, however Jon Postel later restricted the registration to four-year colleges and universities. The Network Information Center (NIC) was the first registrar for the TLDs.[4] In the early 1990s, the registration of non-military domain names .com, .edu, gov and .net, were transferred to Network Solutions through a Cooperative Agreement which was granted by the National Science Foundation.[5] Network Solutions managed .edu domain name registrations until 2001. On October 21, 2001, EDUCAUSE signed a five-year Cooperative Agreement with the DOC to take over the administration of domain name registrations for .edu. The organization sub-contracted Verisign to provide the technical registry solutions.[6] [7][8]

On February 2, 2006, the DOC renewed the .edu TLD Cooperative Agreement with EDUCAUSE for another five years. Under the new contract, EDUCAUSE was authorized to charge a $40 yearly administration fee for every domain name.[9] In 2008, the organization deployed IPv6 to the .edu TLD.[10] On September 30, 2011, The Cooperative Agreement was again extended until 2016.[11]

Community Colleges Petition[edit | edit source]

In 2000, the American Association of Community Colleges petitioned the Department of Commerce to allow them to register their domain names under the .edu TLD. George R. Boggs, President of the association, said that it would be easier for students to access the websites of community colleges if their websites were registered under the .edu domain space. He said, "As our colleges are moving more and more into distance education, they want students to have easy access to what the colleges have to offer." In 1993, Jon Postel limited the .edu domain name registrations to 4-year colleges and universities while all other educational institutions were advised to register their domain names under ccTLDs. Prior to the restriction, there were approximately 200 community colleges that were registered to .edu. According to Arthur Brodsky, then spokesperson of the National Telecommunication Information Administration (NTIA), ".edu goes back to a time when they needed a way to identify supercomputing centers, and they were all universities, It's one of those pioneer things." At the time of the petition, the DOC was locked in a Cooperative Agreement with Network Solutions and changes could not be implemented until after the expiration of the contract in 2001. [12] [13]

.EDU Eligibility Expansion[edit | edit source]

EDUCAUSE proposed the inclusion of community colleges in the membership criteria for .edu TLD to DOC.[14] On February 11, 2003, the organization announced that the eligibility for domain name registrations for .edu had been changed. All accredited post secondary institutions were to be allowed to register their domain names starting April, 2003. [15] On October 21, 2004, a further update to the eligibility requirements was issued. Organizations aree classified as Category 1- Accredited Institutions and Category 2- System/District Offices. To establish their eligibility, entities must be established or recognized by a state, local or national government.[16]

All domain names that were registered before October 29, 2001 were grandfathered to the EDUCAUSE system regardless of the existing eligibility criteria.[17]

Deletion of Inactive .edu TLD[edit | edit source]

In October, 2003, the DOC and EDUCAUSE started deleting all inactive .edu domain names to ensure the accuracy of the Whois data base. All registrants were notified to correct their information on the system. Notifications were sent through e-mail and follow-up were sent through the post. All domain names that were inactive were purged, examples include allison.edu, geraldine.edu and jedi.edu.[18]

Caution to Internet Users[edit | edit source]

There are some suspected, non-educational and accredited entities who are operating their websites under the .edu domain space because their domain names were registered prior to the establishment of the existing .edu TLD registration eligibility policy. The Department of Commerce warns Internet users to be vigilant when dealing with institutions offering educational programs online and to research and be knowledgeable about the institution.[19]

Hack[edit | edit source]

On February 19th 2013, the .edu registry Educause, suspended all passwords related to registrant access, data, and the Educause website after hackers seem to have stolen domain passwords. A spokesperson for the registry said, " “immediate steps to contain this breach and is working with Federal law enforcement, investigators, and security experts to make sure this incident is properly addressed.”[20]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Cooperative Agreement
  2. ↑ .edu FAQ
  3. ↑ About EDUCAUSE
  4. ↑ RFC 920-Domain Requirements
  5. ↑ ICANN, “Internet Stability,” and New Top Level Domains
  6. ↑ Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement
  7. ↑ EDUCAUSE Cooperative Agreement
  8. ↑ Verisign Subcontract
  9. ↑ .edu Internet Domain to Continue Under EDUCAUSE Management
  10. ↑ Commerce’s NTIA Applauds EDUCAUSE’s Move to IPv6 in .EDU Top Level Domain
  11. ↑ Cooperative Agreement Amendment 23
  12. ↑ RFC 1591
  13. ↑ Community colleges want use of dot-edu Web names
  14. ↑ EDUCAUSE's Proposal
  15. ↑ EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for .edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions
  16. ↑ .edu Policy Information
  17. ↑ Eligibility for the .edu Domain
  18. ↑ EDUCAUSE Prepares Mass Purge of .EDU Domains
  19. ↑ Diploma Mills and Accreditation - Diploma Mills
  20. ↑ Hackers May Have Stolen Edu Domain Passwords, DomainIncite.com Published & Retrieved 19 Feb 2013
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