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[[File:PIR_Logo.png|frame|PIR Logo]]
{{Actor|
| Logo            = Pir blue.png
| membersponsor  = ICANNWiki [[Sponsorship|Member]]
| stakeholder group=
| actor type      =
| issue areas    =DNS
| type            = Private
| industry        = Internet, Domain registry
| founded        = Reston, VA, 2002
| founders        =
| ownership      =
| headquarters    = 1775 Wiehle Avenue,<br/>Suite 200<br/>Reston, VA 20190
| country        = USA
| businesses      =
| products        =
| employees      =
| revenue        =
| website        = https://thenew.org/
| blog            =
| instagram      = PIRegistry
| linkedin        =
| twitter        = PIRegistry
| email          = info@pir.org
| facebook        = https://facebook.com/PIRegistry
| keypeople      =
}}
'''Public Interest Registry''' (PIR) is a [https://icannwiki.org/GTLD generic top-level domain] [https://icannwiki.org/Registry registry] that manages the [https://icannwiki.org/.org .org] [https://icannwiki.org/Top-Level_Domain top level domain], .[https://icannwiki.org/.ngo ngo] & [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains, .opr domain, .机构 domain and .संगठन domain. The non-profit was established in January 2003 by the Virginia-based [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society Internet Society] (ISOC). Public Interest Registry was formed to take over the operation and maintenance of the .org domain and its database from [https://icannwiki.org/Verisign Verisign] Global Registry Services. The organization’s headquarters is located in Reston, Virginia.


'''Public Interest Registry''' (PIR) is a generic top-level Domain registry (gTLD registry) that manages the .org top level domain ([[TLD]]). A not-for-profit organization, PIR came into existence on 1 January 2003, through the efforts of Reston, Virginia, US-headquartered "The Internet Society". PIR was formed to take over the operation and maintenance of the .org domain and its database from Verisign Global Registry Services, a division of [[VeriSign]]. The organization has its office at Reston, Virginia.
As of January 2023, [[.giving]] joined PIR’s family of domains for all types of mission-driven organizations. In 2022, PIR reintroduced [[.gives]], [[.charity]], and [[.foundation]] as part of the .ORG Family of Domains.<ref>[https://thenew.org/public-interest-registry-launches-giving/ PIR Launches .giving, PIR Newsroom]</ref>


== History ==
As of March 2018, there are 10.4 million registered .org addresses. Revenue for the year 2016 was $85.7M. The funds are used for operating costs and technical and organizational maintenance; the remaining funds are donated to the [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society Internet Society], a lobbying and research organization.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-1|<sup>[</sup>]]<ref>[https://www.philanthropy.com/article/An-Alternative-to-org-Say/157363 An Alternative to .org? Say Hello to .ngo], Philanthropy.com</ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-1|<sup><nowiki>]</nowiki></sup>]]<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-2|Jump up↑]] [http://www.domainnews.com/en/org-seventh-tld-to-pass-ten-millionth-registration-milestone.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter Org Seventh TLD To Pass Ten Millionth Registration Milestone], DomainNews.com</ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-2|<sup><nowiki>]</nowiki></sup>]]


The .org top-level domain was first created in October 1984 by the [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/org.html Internet Assigned Numbers Authority] (IANA), as part of its implementation of the [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc920 RFC 920]. Though the RFC limited the scope of the .org domain to non-profit organizations or to organizations of a non-commercial nature, over time the scope of the domain has expanded to include any entity, whether organizational or individual, commercial or non-commercial.
The organization applied for the [https://icannwiki.org/.ngo .ngo] and [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains through ICANN's 2012 [https://icannwiki.org/New_gTLD_Program gTLD program].<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-4|Jump up↑]] [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/org.html IANA.org]</ref>  The domains were created as a way for NGOs to verify the non-governmental status as an organization online and officially launched in March of 2015. As the .ngo and .ong domains were launched, so was OnGood, a platform created by Public Interest Registry to support organizations using the new domain extensions by showcasing mission-based work around the world.  


The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a not-for-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.
The company's backend registry services are handled by [https://icannwiki.org/Afilias Afilias].


On May 25, 2001, [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers] (ICANN) entered into an [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/verisign/registry-agmt-org-25may01.htm unsponsored registry agreement with Verisign Inc] for operating the .org domain. This agreement expired on December 31, 2002. A [http://www.icann.org/tlds/org/rfp-20may02.htm request for proposal was circulated by ICANN] on May 20, 2002. ISOC (The Internet Society) was [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/org/applications/ one of the eleven applicants] who put in their proposals to become the successor operator. ISOC proposed to set up a separate entity christened "Public Interest Registry" (PIR) to operate the .org gTLD, with the sole power to appoint its board of directors. As part of the arrangement, PIR would appoint [http://www.afilias.info/ Afilias Limited] to handle the full range of back-end registry services on behalf of PIR. The [http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-14oct02.htm#SuccessorOperatorfororgRegistry ICANN board selected PIR] as the successor operator to Verisign for managing the .org gTLD on October 14, 2002. Finally, the reins of .org domain came into PIR's control in January 2003 for a period of 3 years, expiring December 2006.
Public Interest Registry's mission is to educate and enable the global noncommercial community to use the internet more effectively, and to take a leadership position among internet stakeholders on policy and other issues relating to the domain naming system.


On December 8, 2006, the agreement between ICANN and PIR was [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/org/registry-agmt-16jul08.htm further renewed] for another 6.5 years, and is set to expire on June 30, 2013.
== History ==
The .org top-level domain was first created in October 1984 by the [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority Internet Assigned Numbers Authority],<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-5|Jump up↑]] [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/verisign/registry-agmt-org-25may01.htm .org Registry Agreement]. ICANN.org. Published 2001 May 25.</ref> as part of its implementation of the RFC 920. Though the RFC limited the scope of the .org domain to non-profit organizations or to organizations of a non-commercial nature, over time, the scope of the domain has expanded to include any entity, whether organizational or individual, commercial or non-commercial.


The .org has emerged as the third-largest generic top-level domain in the world, as per the [http://www.pir.org/pdf/dashboard_1H_2010.pdf bi-annual domain name report] published by PIR for January to June 2010.
The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a non-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.


== Governance ==
On May 25, 2001, [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN ICANN] entered into an unsponsored registry agreement with [https://icannwiki.org/Verisign Verisign] Inc. for operating the .org domain.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-6|Jump up↑]] [http://www.icann.org/tlds/org/rfp-20may02.htm .org Reassignment: Request for Proposals], ICANN.org. Published 2002 May 20.</ref> This agreement expired on December 31, 2002. A request for proposal was circulated by ICANN on May 20, 2002.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-7|Jump up↑]] [http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/org/applications/ .org Reassignment: Index to Applications], ICANN.org.</ref> [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society The Internet Society] was one of the eleven applicants who submitted proposals to become the successive operator.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-8|Jump up↑]] [http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-14oct02.htm#SuccessorOperatorfororgRegistry ICANN Special Meeting of the Board Preliminary Report], ICANN.org. Published 2002 October 14.</ref> 


PIR is governed by a [http://www.pir.org/about/board Board of Directors] who are appointed by the parent company, ISOC. The board comprises seven members, headed presently by Chairman Maarten Botterman. The CEO of PIR is an ex-officio board member too.  
ISOC proposed to set up a separate entity, the "Public Interest Registry", to operate the .org [https://icannwiki.org/Generic_top-level_domain gTLD], with the sole power to appoint its Board of Directors. As part of the arrangement, Public Interest Registry would appoint [https://icannwiki.org/Afilias Afilias] to handle the full range of back-end registry services on behalf of Public Interest Registry.  


The [http://www.pir.org/about/management PIR management team] comprises five senior members of the organization from three departments - law and policy, marketing, and finance/operations. The present CEO of PIR is Ms. Alexa A.S. Raad, who is due to step down from the position by September 24, 2010. Mr. Maarten Botterman, the CEO will serve as interim CEO till a new person is appointed for this position. The organization presently has eight [http://www.pir.org/about/staff staff members] on its payroll.
The [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN_Board ICANN Board] selected Public Interest Registry as the successor operator to Verisign for managing the .org gTLD on October 14, 2002.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-9|Jump up↑]] [https://www.icann.org/public-comments/org-renewal-2013-06-21-en .org Registry Agreement], ICANN.org. Published 2008 July 16.</ref> Finally, the reins of .org domain came into Public Interest Registry’s control in January 2003; the agreement was originally signed for a period of three years, expiring December 2006.


Besides the board of directors, PIR also has an [http://www.pir.org/about/council advisory council] which was "created to advise on issues ranging from public policy to the introduction of new services." The council comprises members representing a broad spectrum of member organizations around the world. There are fifteen members in the present advisory council, for the term 2010 to 2012. The council has organized into working groups whose mandate is to provide project-based analysis and input, which goes as resource to the staff of PIR as well as general directions to the board. There are presently four working groups - IDN, policy, DNSSEC and outreach & awareness.
On December 8, 2006, the agreement between ICANN and Public Interest Registry was renewed for another 6.5 years.<ref>↑ [[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-dashboard 10-0|<sup>Jump up to:10.0</sup>]] [[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-dashboard 10-1|<sup>10.1</sup>]] [[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-dashboard 10-2|<sup>10.2</sup>]] [[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-dashboard 10-3|<sup>10.3</sup>]] [https://pir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/dashboard_org_2015-1.jpg PIR's "The Dashboard," January - June, 2015], PIR.org.</ref>


== Deployment of DNSSEC ==
In 2010, the .org domain emerged as the third-largest generic top-level domain in the world, as per the bi-annual domain name report published by Public Interest Registry for the dates of January to June 2010.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-11|Jump up↑]] [http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130228_101_million_org_domains_and_counting/ 101 Million Org Domains and Counting, CircleID.com] Retrieved & Published 28 Feb 2013</ref>


In April 2008, [http://www.icann.org/en/registries/rsep/pir-request-03apr08.pdf PIR submitted a request to ICANN] to amend the .org registry, specifically the function of the registry and the corresponding [[WHOIS]] and [[DNS]] systems for the .org gTLD, in order to facilitate the use of "Domain Name System Security Extensions" (DNSSEC) as specified in RFCs 4033, 4034, 4035 and 5155 (NSEC3). The [http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/resolutions-26jun08.htm#_Toc76113176 ICANN board approved this proposal] in June 2008.
On August 22, 2013, the agreement between ICANN and PIR was renewed.<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/agreement/org-2013-08-22-en Agreement renewal]</ref> 


On June 23, 2010, Ms. Alexa Raad, PIR CEO, announced at an ICANN 38 Brussels press conference that .org has become the first generic top-level domain to offer full deployment of DNSSEC. The DNSSEC has become the most robust security protocol on the internet as of 2010, and registrars who have implemented DNSSEC in their system can [http://www.pir.org/pdf/dashboard_1H_2010.pdf "offer added security protection to their customers by enabling .org website owners to sign their respective domain name with validation keys."]
On January 1, 2018, PIR entered into a new registry services agreement with [[Afilias]] as its back-end registry services provider following a competitive procurement process including more than 20 potential service providers representing 15 countries.


The benefit of DNSSEC to a .org registrant is the [http://www.pir.org/pdf/dashboard_1H_2010.pdf "added ability to thwart the increased predominance of attacks like pharming, cache poisoning, DNS redirection and domain hijacking - all of which have been used to commit fraud, distribute malware and identity theft."]
In January 2018, PIR celebrated 15 years of managing the [[.org]] domain.  


== Miscellaneous ==
On November 13-14, 2019, PIR announced that [[ISOC]], its parent organization, had reached an agreement with [[Ethos Capital]], under which Ethos Capital would acquire PIR and all of its assets from ISOC. PIR would also become a for-profit Pennsylvania limited liability company. PIR formally submitted to ICANN a "Notice of Indirect Change of Control and Entity Conversion."<ref>https://thenew.org/the-internet-society-public-interest-registry-a-new-era-of-opportunity/ PIR sell announcement]</ref> [[EFF]], [[NTEN]], and [[Access Now]] organized a petition that 871 organizations and 27,183 people signed to stop the transaction, paying special attention to the future of the [[.org]] domain. <ref>[https://savedotorg.org/ Statement of request for contract protections]</ref>


- There are [http://www.pir.org/pdf/dashboard_1H_2010.pdf 8.5 million domains registered under the .org domain] as of end of July 2010.
On April 30, 2020, [[ICANN Board]] formally announced that it would withhold consent for a Change of Control of PIR from [[Internet Society]] to [[Ethos Capital]].<ref>[https://www.icann.org/news/blog/icann-board-withholds-consent-for-a-change-of-control-of-the-public-interest-registry-pir ICANN Board withholds consent of PIR sale]</ref>


- The gTLD registry celebrated its 25th anniversary of existence in June 2010 by hosting a birthday bash during Music Night at ICANN 38 Brussels.
=== '''.org Statistics''' ===
By 2015, the number of .org domains under management (DUM) had more than doubled in just 10 years, increasing from 3.9 million in 2005 to [https://pir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/dashboard_org_2015-1.jpg 10.5 million in 2015]. As of 2015, the .org domain had grown to 5,931,592 registered domains in the United States. Registrations experienced marked international growth from 2010 – 2015, as registrations in Asia and the Australian Pacific grew to 2.6% of total DUM, the United Kingdom to 4.1% and Canada to 3.8%.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-12|Jump up↑]] [http://www.circleid.com/posts/20110815_org_public_interest_registry_releases_domain_name_report_dashboard/ .ORG, The Public Interest Registry Releases Results of Bi-Annual Domain Name Report, 'The Dashboard'] CircleID.com. Published 2011 August 15.</ref>


- .org registrations surpassed the growth of .com and .net by posting a percentage growth rate of 7.6% in the period January to July 2010; however, the .info domain beat them all with a growth rate of 20.0%.
Registration for .org passed the 10 million mark on June 24th, 2012. The ten millionth registration was for jadforum.org, registered by the Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin Forum via [https://icannwiki.org/GoDaddy GoDaddy]. It was the 7th TLD to pass the milestone, the others being: [https://icannwiki.org/.com .com], [https://icannwiki.org/DENIC#.de .de] (2006), [https://icannwiki.org/.net .net](2007), [https://icannwiki.org/Nominet .uk] (2012), [https://icannwiki.org/index.php?title=CNNIC&redirect=no .cn], and [https://icannwiki.org/.tk .tk].<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-13|Jump up↑]] [http://archive.is/EOrIf Org Seventh TLD To Pass 10 Millionth Registration Milestone], DomainNews.com. link doesn’t work</ref>


- North America is the largest market for .org domains, and takes 64% of the .org pie.  
== Governance ==
PIR is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by [https://icannwiki.org/Internet_Society ISOC]. The Board is comprised of seven members, and its current Chairman is [https://icannwiki.org/Roberto_Gaetano Roberto Gaetano]. The CEO of Public Interest Registry is Jon Nevett.  


The Public Interest Registry leadership team comprises five senior members of the organization covering Legal, Policy, Operations and Finance. Ms. [https://icannwiki.org/Alexa_Raad Alexa Raad], the original CEO of PIR, stepped down from the position on September 24, 2010. Mr. Maarten Botterman served as interim CEO until [https://icannwiki.org/Brian_Cute Brian Cute] was appointed to the position. The organization presently has twenty-six staff members on its payroll.


== People ==
Besides the board of directors, Public Interest Registry also has an advisory council, which was "created to advise on issues ranging from public policy to the introduction of new services." The council comprises members representing a broad spectrum of member organizations around the world. There are seven members in the .org Advisory Council, serving a term from 2015 – 2018. The .ngo and .ong Advisory Council has two members, serving until 2019.
== Deployment of DNSSEC ==
In April 2008, Public Interest Registry submitted a request to ICANN to amend the .org registry, specifically the function of the registry and the corresponding [https://icannwiki.org/Whois Whois] and [https://icannwiki.org/Domain_Name_System DNS] systems for the .org gTLD, in order to facilitate the use of "Domain Name System Security Extensions" ([https://icannwiki.org/DNSSEC DNSSEC]) as specified in RFCs 4033, 4034, 4035 and 5155.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-14|Jump up↑]] [https://conferences.sigcomm.org/imc/2017/papers/imc17-final53.pdf Understanding the Role of Registrars in DNSSEC Deployment], Conferences.SigComm.org.</ref> The ICANN board approved this proposal in June 2008.[[Public Interest Registry#cite note-15|<sup>[15]</sup>]]


[[Alexa A. S. Raad]] - Chief Executive Officer
On June 23, 2010, Ms. [https://icannwiki.org/Alexa_Raad Alexa Raad], Public Interest Registry’s CEO at that time, announced at an ICANN 38 Brussels press conference that .org had become the first generic top-level domain to offer full deployment of [https://icannwiki.org/DNSSEC DNSSEC]. DNSSEC had become the most robust security protocol on the internet as of 2010, and registrars who have implemented DNSSEC in their system can "offer added security protection to their customers by enabling .org website owners to sign their respective domain name with validation keys."<ref>1.   [[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-15|Jump up↑]] [http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/resolutions-26jun08.htm#_Toc76113176 ICANN Adopted Board Resolutions (26 June 2008)], ICANN.org. Published 2008 June 26.</ref>


[[David Maher]] - Senior Vice President, Law & Policy
The benefit of DNSSEC to a .org registrant is the "added ability to thwart the increased predominance of attacks like pharming, cache poisoning, [https://icannwiki.org/Domain_Name_System DNS] redirection and domain hijacking - all of which have been used to commit fraud, distribute malware and identity theft."<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-16|Jump up↑]] [http://dakar42.icann.org/ Dakar42], ICANN.org.</ref>


[[Kathy Kleiman]]- Director of Policy
==.ngo, .ong and IDNs==
Public Interest Registry announced ahead of the January 2012 launch of [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN ICANN]'s [https://icannwiki.org/New_gTLD_Program new gTLD program] that it was planning on applying for [https://icannwiki.org/.ngo .ngo] and [https://icannwiki.org/.ong .ong] domains; Public Interest Registry was a platinum sponsor of [https://icannwiki.org/ICANN_42 ICANN 42] in Dakar.<ref>[[Public Interest Registry#cite ref-17|Jump up↑]] [http://philanthropy.com/article/Nonprofits-May-Soon-Say/130290/ Nonprofits May Soon Say], Philanthropy.com.</ref>  Public Interest Registry also announced that it had intentions to implement an authentication process that would ensure that all .ngo and .ong registrants were actual NGOs, given the fact that [https://icannwiki.org/.org .org] is an open TLD. Public Interest Registry was the only applicant for .ngo and .ong. Early in the process, there were intentions from [dotNGO]]. to apply for .ngo. The .ngo and .ong domains went into sunrise on March 17, 2015.


[[Lance Wolak]] - Director, Marketing & Product Management
For Internationalized Domain Names ([https://icannwiki.org/IDN IDNs]), Public Interest Registry submitted for the generic top-level domains (gTLDs) that translate to “organization,” “org” or “structured organization” in Devanagari, Cyrillic and Chinese-simplified scripts. The four applications - one in Devanagari, one in Cyrillic, and two in simplified Chinese- were filed as part of ICANN’s global Internet expansion initiative. In 2014, the Devanagari, Cyrillic and 2-character Chinese simplified scripts were officially launched. 


[[Lawrence C. Martin]] - Director of Finance & Administration
===NGO Education===


[[Kim VanWyngaardt]] - Executive Administrator
Public Interest Registry’s mission is to educate and enable the global noncommercial community in support of using the internet more effectively. Public Interest Registry began working with [http://www.nptechforgood.com/heather-mansfield/ Nonprofit Tech for Good] in 2015. The two organizations set out to educate the nonprofit industry through the development of the [http://techreport.ngo/ Global NGO Technology Report] and [https://givingreport.ngo/ Global Trends in Giving Report]. Both reports survey thousands of NGOs around the world about their use of technology to connect with their audience and donors. The report provides insight into the online and mobile communication tools NGOs worldwide use to promote general awareness, communicate with core audiences and raise funds from donors, as well as an analysis of those online tools and comparisons of regional usage.


[[Lauren Price Sr.]] - Product Marketing Manager
Public Interest Registry and Nonprofit Tech for Good have partnered to host multiple webinars to educate attendees on a variety of topics ranging from online communications trends to how to best communicate with donors. The free webinars concluded in December 2017 with nearly [http://www.nptechforgood.com/social-and-mobile-media-webinars-for-nonprofits/ 58,000 nonprofit staff] worldwide participating.
 
== Miscellaneous ==
* There were 10.4 million domains registered under the .org domain as of March 2018.
* Public Interest Registry celebrated 15 years of operating the .org domain in January 2018.
* North America is the largest market for .org domains, making up 56% of .org registrants.


[[Thuy LeDinh]] - Senior Marketing Communications Manager


== References ==
== References ==
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
{{reflist}}</div>


== External Links ==
* [http://Pir.org PIR Registry Website]
[[Category: Companies]]
[[Category: Registries]]
[[Category: Registries]]

Latest revision as of 17:54, 6 November 2024


General Information
Industry: Internet, Domain registry
Issue Areas: DNS
Country: USA
Founded: Reston, VA, 2002
Headquarters: 1775 Wiehle Avenue,
Suite 200
Reston, VA 20190
Website: https://thenew.org/
Email: info@pir.org
Facebook: Facebook
Twitter: [@PIRegistry Twitter]
People

Public Interest Registry (PIR) is a generic top-level domain registry that manages the .org top level domain, .ngo & .ong domains, .opr domain, .机构 domain and .संगठन domain. The non-profit was established in January 2003 by the Virginia-based Internet Society (ISOC). Public Interest Registry was formed to take over the operation and maintenance of the .org domain and its database from Verisign Global Registry Services. The organization’s headquarters is located in Reston, Virginia.

As of January 2023, .giving joined PIR’s family of domains for all types of mission-driven organizations. In 2022, PIR reintroduced .gives, .charity, and .foundation as part of the .ORG Family of Domains.[1]

As of March 2018, there are 10.4 million registered .org addresses. Revenue for the year 2016 was $85.7M. The funds are used for operating costs and technical and organizational maintenance; the remaining funds are donated to the Internet Society, a lobbying and research organization.[[2]][3]]

The organization applied for the .ngo and .ong domains through ICANN's 2012 gTLD program.[4]  The domains were created as a way for NGOs to verify the non-governmental status as an organization online and officially launched in March of 2015. As the .ngo and .ong domains were launched, so was OnGood, a platform created by Public Interest Registry to support organizations using the new domain extensions by showcasing mission-based work around the world.

The company's backend registry services are handled by Afilias.

Public Interest Registry's mission is to educate and enable the global noncommercial community to use the internet more effectively, and to take a leadership position among internet stakeholders on policy and other issues relating to the domain naming system.

History[edit | edit source]

The .org top-level domain was first created in October 1984 by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority,[5] as part of its implementation of the RFC 920. Though the RFC limited the scope of the .org domain to non-profit organizations or to organizations of a non-commercial nature, over time, the scope of the domain has expanded to include any entity, whether organizational or individual, commercial or non-commercial.

The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a non-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.

On May 25, 2001, ICANN entered into an unsponsored registry agreement with Verisign Inc. for operating the .org domain.[6] This agreement expired on December 31, 2002. A request for proposal was circulated by ICANN on May 20, 2002.[7] The Internet Society was one of the eleven applicants who submitted proposals to become the successive operator.[8] 

ISOC proposed to set up a separate entity, the "Public Interest Registry", to operate the .org gTLD, with the sole power to appoint its Board of Directors. As part of the arrangement, Public Interest Registry would appoint Afilias to handle the full range of back-end registry services on behalf of Public Interest Registry.

The ICANN Board selected Public Interest Registry as the successor operator to Verisign for managing the .org gTLD on October 14, 2002.[9] Finally, the reins of .org domain came into Public Interest Registry’s control in January 2003; the agreement was originally signed for a period of three years, expiring December 2006.

On December 8, 2006, the agreement between ICANN and Public Interest Registry was renewed for another 6.5 years.[10]

In 2010, the .org domain emerged as the third-largest generic top-level domain in the world, as per the bi-annual domain name report published by Public Interest Registry for the dates of January to June 2010.[11]

On August 22, 2013, the agreement between ICANN and PIR was renewed.[12]

On January 1, 2018, PIR entered into a new registry services agreement with Afilias as its back-end registry services provider following a competitive procurement process including more than 20 potential service providers representing 15 countries.

In January 2018, PIR celebrated 15 years of managing the .org domain.

On November 13-14, 2019, PIR announced that ISOC, its parent organization, had reached an agreement with Ethos Capital, under which Ethos Capital would acquire PIR and all of its assets from ISOC. PIR would also become a for-profit Pennsylvania limited liability company. PIR formally submitted to ICANN a "Notice of Indirect Change of Control and Entity Conversion."[13] EFF, NTEN, and Access Now organized a petition that 871 organizations and 27,183 people signed to stop the transaction, paying special attention to the future of the .org domain. [14]

On April 30, 2020, ICANN Board formally announced that it would withhold consent for a Change of Control of PIR from Internet Society to Ethos Capital.[15]

.org Statistics[edit | edit source]

By 2015, the number of .org domains under management (DUM) had more than doubled in just 10 years, increasing from 3.9 million in 2005 to 10.5 million in 2015. As of 2015, the .org domain had grown to 5,931,592 registered domains in the United States. Registrations experienced marked international growth from 2010 – 2015, as registrations in Asia and the Australian Pacific grew to 2.6% of total DUM, the United Kingdom to 4.1% and Canada to 3.8%.[16]

Registration for .org passed the 10 million mark on June 24th, 2012. The ten millionth registration was for jadforum.org, registered by the Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin Forum via GoDaddy. It was the 7th TLD to pass the milestone, the others being: .com, .de (2006), .net(2007), .uk (2012), .cn, and .tk.[17]

Governance[edit | edit source]

PIR is governed by a Board of Directors who are appointed by ISOC. The Board is comprised of seven members, and its current Chairman is Roberto Gaetano. The CEO of Public Interest Registry is Jon Nevett.

The Public Interest Registry leadership team comprises five senior members of the organization covering Legal, Policy, Operations and Finance. Ms. Alexa Raad, the original CEO of PIR, stepped down from the position on September 24, 2010. Mr. Maarten Botterman served as interim CEO until Brian Cute was appointed to the position. The organization presently has twenty-six staff members on its payroll.

Besides the board of directors, Public Interest Registry also has an advisory council, which was "created to advise on issues ranging from public policy to the introduction of new services." The council comprises members representing a broad spectrum of member organizations around the world. There are seven members in the .org Advisory Council, serving a term from 2015 – 2018. The .ngo and .ong Advisory Council has two members, serving until 2019.

Deployment of DNSSEC[edit | edit source]

In April 2008, Public Interest Registry submitted a request to ICANN to amend the .org registry, specifically the function of the registry and the corresponding Whois and DNS systems for the .org gTLD, in order to facilitate the use of "Domain Name System Security Extensions" (DNSSEC) as specified in RFCs 4033, 4034, 4035 and 5155.[18] The ICANN board approved this proposal in June 2008.[15]

On June 23, 2010, Ms. Alexa Raad, Public Interest Registry’s CEO at that time, announced at an ICANN 38 Brussels press conference that .org had become the first generic top-level domain to offer full deployment of DNSSEC. DNSSEC had become the most robust security protocol on the internet as of 2010, and registrars who have implemented DNSSEC in their system can "offer added security protection to their customers by enabling .org website owners to sign their respective domain name with validation keys."[19]

The benefit of DNSSEC to a .org registrant is the "added ability to thwart the increased predominance of attacks like pharming, cache poisoning, DNS redirection and domain hijacking - all of which have been used to commit fraud, distribute malware and identity theft."[20]

.ngo, .ong and IDNs[edit | edit source]

Public Interest Registry announced ahead of the January 2012 launch of ICANN's new gTLD program that it was planning on applying for .ngo and .ong domains; Public Interest Registry was a platinum sponsor of ICANN 42 in Dakar.[21]  Public Interest Registry also announced that it had intentions to implement an authentication process that would ensure that all .ngo and .ong registrants were actual NGOs, given the fact that .org is an open TLD. Public Interest Registry was the only applicant for .ngo and .ong. Early in the process, there were intentions from [dotNGO]]. to apply for .ngo. The .ngo and .ong domains went into sunrise on March 17, 2015.

For Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs), Public Interest Registry submitted for the generic top-level domains (gTLDs) that translate to “organization,” “org” or “structured organization” in Devanagari, Cyrillic and Chinese-simplified scripts. The four applications - one in Devanagari, one in Cyrillic, and two in simplified Chinese- were filed as part of ICANN’s global Internet expansion initiative. In 2014, the Devanagari, Cyrillic and 2-character Chinese simplified scripts were officially launched. 

NGO Education[edit | edit source]

Public Interest Registry’s mission is to educate and enable the global noncommercial community in support of using the internet more effectively. Public Interest Registry began working with Nonprofit Tech for Good in 2015. The two organizations set out to educate the nonprofit industry through the development of the Global NGO Technology Report and Global Trends in Giving Report. Both reports survey thousands of NGOs around the world about their use of technology to connect with their audience and donors. The report provides insight into the online and mobile communication tools NGOs worldwide use to promote general awareness, communicate with core audiences and raise funds from donors, as well as an analysis of those online tools and comparisons of regional usage.

Public Interest Registry and Nonprofit Tech for Good have partnered to host multiple webinars to educate attendees on a variety of topics ranging from online communications trends to how to best communicate with donors. The free webinars concluded in December 2017 with nearly 58,000 nonprofit staff worldwide participating.

Miscellaneous[edit | edit source]

  • There were 10.4 million domains registered under the .org domain as of March 2018.
  • Public Interest Registry celebrated 15 years of operating the .org domain in January 2018.
  • North America is the largest market for .org domains, making up 56% of .org registrants.


References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ PIR Launches .giving, PIR Newsroom
  2. ↑ An Alternative to .org? Say Hello to .ngo, Philanthropy.com
  3. ↑ Jump up↑ Org Seventh TLD To Pass Ten Millionth Registration Milestone, DomainNews.com
  4. ↑ Jump up↑ IANA.org
  5. ↑ Jump up↑ .org Registry Agreement. ICANN.org. Published 2001 May 25.
  6. ↑ Jump up↑ .org Reassignment: Request for Proposals, ICANN.org. Published 2002 May 20.
  7. ↑ Jump up↑ .org Reassignment: Index to Applications, ICANN.org.
  8. ↑ Jump up↑ ICANN Special Meeting of the Board Preliminary Report, ICANN.org. Published 2002 October 14.
  9. ↑ Jump up↑ .org Registry Agreement, ICANN.org. Published 2008 July 16.
  10. ↑ ↑ Jump up to:10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 PIR's "The Dashboard," January - June, 2015, PIR.org.
  11. ↑ Jump up↑ 101 Million Org Domains and Counting, CircleID.com Retrieved & Published 28 Feb 2013
  12. ↑ Agreement renewal
  13. ↑ https://thenew.org/the-internet-society-public-interest-registry-a-new-era-of-opportunity/ PIR sell announcement]
  14. ↑ Statement of request for contract protections
  15. ↑ ICANN Board withholds consent of PIR sale
  16. ↑ Jump up↑ .ORG, The Public Interest Registry Releases Results of Bi-Annual Domain Name Report, 'The Dashboard' CircleID.com. Published 2011 August 15.
  17. ↑ Jump up↑ Org Seventh TLD To Pass 10 Millionth Registration Milestone, DomainNews.com. link doesn’t work
  18. ↑ Jump up↑ Understanding the Role of Registrars in DNSSEC Deployment, Conferences.SigComm.org.
  19. ↑ 1.   Jump up↑ ICANN Adopted Board Resolutions (26 June 2008), ICANN.org. Published 2008 June 26.
  20. ↑ Jump up↑ Dakar42, ICANN.org.
  21. ↑ Jump up↑ Nonprofits May Soon Say, Philanthropy.com.
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