ICANN Initiatives: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:21, 14 December 2021

ICANN's mission is to ensure the stable and secure operation of the Internet's unique identifier systems.^[1] Its core values are to reflect the functional, geographic, and cultural diversity of the Internet at all levels of policy development and decision-making; ensure a bottom-up, multistakeholder policy development process is used to ascertain the Global Public Interest; and make its processes accountable and transparent. ICANN's technical commitment is to maintain a single, global authoriative Root.^[2]

Its mission- and value-driven initiatives include policies, organizational additions, operational improvements, and other initiatives designed to ensure that ICANN's strategic commitment to its mission and core values is realized in its policies and actions.

A Stable Internet[edit | edit source]

Timeline of ICANN's changing definitions of Internet stability

1998: Stability (as security, reliability, and reliance on U.S.-based technical expertise) is cast as the foremost fundamental principle of running ICANN and the DNS.

1/30/98: The Green Paper set out four principles to guide the evolution of the domain name system: stability, competition, private bottom-up coordination, and representation. “The Green Paper suggested that the new corporation be incorporated in the United States in order to promote stability and facilitate the continued reliance on technical expertise residing in the United States, including IANA staff at USC/ISI.” ^[3]
06/05/1998: the White Paper: "Stability: The U.S. Government should end its role in the Internet number and name address system in a manner that ensures the stability of the Internet. The introduction of a new management system should not disrupt current operations or create competing root systems. During the transition and thereafter, the stability of the Internet should be the first priority of any DNS management system. Security and reliability of the DNS are important aspects of stability, and as a new DNS management system is introduced, a comprehensive security strategy should be developed. ^[4]

1999-2001: Performing stability is central to ICANN’s proof of concept TLDs

ICANN imposed high threshold requirements new gTLD application consideration and allowed only a select few test cases to ensure that no new TLD registry would fail as that would threaten Internet (ICANN) stability.^[5]
October 1999: ICANN DNSO Working Group C brainstormed how expanding the namespace would factor into Internet stability, which fed into their determination of when and how new gTLDs should be added.^[6]
August 2000: "Successful TLD applications should 'preserve the stability of the Internet': They should eliminate or minimize the effects of technical failures in registry or registrar operations, and they should steer clear of anything that challenged ICANN’s position as proprietor of the root zone. Staff will favor TLDs that help advance the “proof of concept” ICANN sought, providing useful information regarding the feasibility and utility of different types of new TLDs, procedures for launching them, registry-registrar models, business models, and internal policy structures."^[7]^[8]highly subjective process and few got to have a gTLD
February 2001: the stability and functioning of the DNS and ICANN depend on setting and staying within stringent limits.

Vint Cerf, Chairman of ICANN before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet states, ICANN has “achieved [its] accomplishments by hewing to its first and guiding principle -- to maintain a stable, functional DNS -- and within those limits by seeking to increase competitive options and efficient dispute resolution.”^[9]

2002-2004: Stability as a Value

“Users can accumulate equity in a particular identifier, which becomes closely associated with them and expensive to change. Changing a telephone number or e-mail address that has been used for many years can be burdensome because of the large number of personal contacts and records that contain the number. Thus, equity in an identifier raises switching costs for consumers, making them more likely to stay with the provider of that identifier.” ^[10]

2008-2012: Emphasis on maintaining technical stability in the lead up to the New gTLD Program

02/06/2008: ICANN Staff and SSAC consider the possibility of instability in executing the GNSO’s recommendation to add new gTLDs. "Conformity to existing standards and syntax rules will be a requirement for any new TLD," including RFC 952 (“DOD Internet Host Table Specification); liberalized by RFC 1123; RFC 2181 (label number limit); and RFC 3696: labels must consist of only the ASCII [ASCII] alphabetic and numeric characters, plus the hyphen. ICANN also expected to disallow any TLDs containing only numeric characters and allow hyphens in both the third and fourth positions of a label only in a valid Punycode string, where the currently approved IDNA prefix (currently xn) is used.^[11]

ICANN was concerned that commonly-used file extensions as TLDs in the root might result in users or applications confusing URLs with filenames. SSAC explored the issue and reported that such collisions would result in user confusion but would not break the DNS
the DNS should be able to function at its current level with at least 60 million TLDs. This allows significant room for large-scale expansion without concerns about a negative effect on stability.^[12]
As the size of the zone increased, changing the AXFR (asynchronous full transfer zone) method to an Incremental Zone Transfer or IXFR was required. All of the large zones use an incremental method of updating to accommodate the larger zone file size. It involved administrative planning, work, and testing across all the root server operators and the distribution master to make this transition for the distribution of the root zone, but there was no technical limitation.^[13]
The inclusion of a large number of signed TLD zones required more time and effort to generate and publish the root zone but did not impact performance or end-user experience.
Any increase in traffic to the servers due to additional TLDs was expected to be minimal, as the main source of the traffic to root servers is not the number of TLDs but rather the number of end systems initiating queries. The root servers allow for much more traffic than their normal capacities for security reasons. Technical issues are unforeseen due to an increase in the number of queries.
ICANN staff made a distinction between technical instability, which directly and adversely impacts the DNS, and operational impacts, which may not be harmful to the Internet technically but present challenges to DNS management and operation.
ICANN staff acknowledge that (Before the new gTLD program), there was roughly one change per TLD per year.^[14]

A Secure Internet[edit | edit source]

Timeline of security threats and reactions

A Unified, Global Internet[edit | edit source]

Performing Accountability & Transparency: Reviews at ICANN[edit | edit source]

Although the organization's core mission and values have remained largely consistent throughout the organization's existence, certain events have resulted in amendments to the ICANN Bylaws to more precisely define ICANN's mission and values. For example, the IANA Functions Stewardship Transition expanded ICANN's mission slightly (to incorporate the oversight of the IANA functions and the PTI) as well as the Affirmation of Commitments into ICANN's bylaws, memorializing the structure and rules for Specific Reviews.

All measures are in pixels

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Seeking Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion within ICANN[edit | edit source]

Timeline of DEI efforts at ICANN

A Single Authoritative Root[edit | edit source]

Timeline of ICANN's efforts to preserve and enhance the global interoperability, resilience, and openness of the DNS/Internet^[15]

Timeline of ICANN's efforts to withstand attempts at splintering the Internet and outlast competitors

References[edit | edit source]

[1] Section 1.1, ICANN Bylaws

[2] Section 1.2, ICANN Bylaws

[3] ttps://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-notice/1998/statement-policy-management-internet-names-and-addresses

[4] White Paper Principles, ICANN Briefing Book

[5] Jonathan Weinberg, "ICANN, 'Internet Stability,' and New Top Level Domains,' pg. 30

[6] Interim Report of Working Group C of the Domain Name Supporting Organization, 10/23/1999

[7] Criteria for Assessing TLD Proposals (Aug. 15, 2000)

[8] Jonathan Weinberg, "ICANN, 'Internet Stability,' and New Top Level Domains,' footnote 72

[9] Cerf Testimony 02/08/01, ICANN

[10] Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation, pg. 62

[11] New gTLDs WG Final Report May 2007, GNSO, ICANN

[12] DNS Stability, 2008, ICANN Archives

[13] DNS Stability, 2008, ICANN Archives pg. 4

[14] DNS Stability, 2008, ICANN Archives pg. 5

[15] Section 1.2, ICANN Bylaws

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 * '''1998:''' '''Stability (as security, reliability, and reliance on U.S.-based technical expertise) is cast as the foremost fundamental principle of running ICANN and the DNS.'''
 :* 1/30/98: The [[Green Paper]] set out four principles to guide the evolution of the domain name system: stability, competition, private bottom-up coordination, and representation. “The Green Paper suggested that the new corporation be incorporated in the United States in order to promote stability and facilitate the continued reliance on technical expertise residing in the United States, including IANA staff at USC/ISI.” <ref>https://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-notice/1998/statement-policy-management-internet-names-and-addresses</ref>
-:* 06/05/1998: the [[White Paper]]: "Stability: The U.S. Government should end its role in the Internet number and name address system in a manner that ensures the stability of the Internet. The introduction of a new management system should not disrupt current operations or create competing root systems. During the transition and thereafter, the stability of the Internet should be the first priority of any DNS management system. Security and reliability of the DNS are important aspects of stability, and as a new DNS management system is introduced, a comprehensive security strategy should be developed. https://cyber.harvard.edu/pressbriefings/icann/briefingbook/WhitePaper-Principles.html
+:* 06/05/1998: the [[White Paper]]: "Stability: The U.S. Government should end its role in the Internet number and name address system in a manner that ensures the stability of the Internet. The introduction of a new management system should not disrupt current operations or create competing root systems. During the transition and thereafter, the stability of the Internet should be the first priority of any DNS management system. Security and reliability of the DNS are important aspects of stability, and as a new DNS management system is introduced, a comprehensive security strategy should be developed. <ref>[https://cyber.harvard.edu/pressbriefings/icann/briefingbook/WhitePaper-Principles.html White Paper Principles, ICANN Briefing Book]</ref>
 * '''1999-2001:''' '''Performing stability is central to ICANN’s proof of concept TLDs'''
 :*ICANN imposed high threshold requirements new gTLD application consideration and allowed only a select few test cases to ensure that no new TLD registry would fail as that would threaten Internet (ICANN) stability.<ref>[https://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0109/0109099.pdf Jonathan Weinberg, "ICANN, 'Internet Stability,' and New Top Level Domains,' pg. 30]</ref>