AFNIC: Difference between revisions
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'''AFNIC''' ('''Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération''') is a non-profit organization that administers the [[TLD]] registry for France ([[.fr]]) and its overseas territories. It was established in 1997 jointly by the [[INRIA]] (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control of France) and the Government of France, represented by the Ministries of Telecommunications, Industries and Research. <ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic AFNIC about]</ref> | '''AFNIC''' ('''Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération''', previously '''NIC-France''') is a non-profit organization that administers the [[TLD]] registry for France ([[.fr]]) and its overseas territories. It was established in 1997 jointly by the [[INRIA]] (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control of France) and the Government of France, represented by the Ministries of Telecommunications, Industries and Research. <ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic AFNIC about]</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
'''1986-1997: NIC-France''' | '''1986-1997: NIC-France''' | ||
From 1986 to 1997, INRIA was responsible for the management of | From 1986 to 1997, INRIA was responsible for the management of .fr ([[ccTLD]] [[ISO]] code 3166) on behalf of the Standard Research Institute’s Network Information Centre ([[SRI-NIC]]) and [[INTERNIC]]. Until 1992, INRIA also managed [[Fnet]] (also called the INRIA network), which was, at the time, the only [[ISP]] in France. As demand increased, INRIA opened up for everyone in France who wanted internet connectivity. With the appearance of new network service providers, a Consultative Committee ([[CC-NIC]]) was setup in 1994 comprising of representatives each from the INRIA and the service providers. Many service providers joined the consultative committee and provided funds to NIC-France. Intellectual property issues were considered for the first time by setting rules for assigning names under the .fr domain. November 1995, NIC-France stopped the service of allocating IP addresses. | ||
'''Post-1998: AFNIC''' | '''Post-1998: AFNIC''' | ||
On January 1, 1998 AFNIC was created and is governed by the French law of July 1, 1901. It took over from INRIA with an intention of providing flexible management structure and wide support to its members which was not possible to achieve by a research institute. | On January 1, 1998, AFNIC was created and is governed by the French law of July 1, 1901 (voluntary association). It took over from INRIA with an intention of providing flexible management structure and wide support to its members, which was not possible to achieve by a research institute. | ||
<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/presentation/historique AFNIC history]</ref> | <ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/presentation/historique AFNIC history]</ref> | ||
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'''Technical mission:''' | '''Technical mission:''' | ||
AFNIC is responsible for managing | AFNIC is responsible for managing France's [[TLD]]s and assigning responsibility of these to service providers of the French national territory. | ||
Currently AFNIC handles the following ccTLDs: | Currently AFNIC handles the following ccTLDs: | ||
* .fr - France | * .fr - France | ||
* [[.re]] - Reunion Island | * [[.re]] - Reunion Island | ||
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* [[.wf]] - Wallis and Futuna Islands | * [[.wf]] - Wallis and Futuna Islands | ||
It also ensures accessibility of these domains from any point on the internet and is responsible for maintaining databases for these domains. It serves with a mission of contributing to the digital economic development of France by developing and providing services | It also ensures accessibility of these domains from any point on the internet and is responsible for maintaining databases for these domains. It serves with a mission of contributing to the digital economic development of France by developing and providing services for ISPs. | ||
'''General Interest mission:''' | '''General Interest mission:''' | ||
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AFNIC is majorly involved in international relations and works on three main guidelines: | AFNIC is majorly involved in international relations and works on three main guidelines: | ||
# Participate and contribute in | # Participate and contribute in global internet management and governance in association with [[ICANN]], [[CENTR]], [[WSIS]] and so on. | ||
# Introduce new services and standards like [[IETF]], [[RIPE]]. | # Introduce new services and standards like [[IETF]], [[RIPE]], [[RIPE NCC]]. | ||
# Educate others with its knowledge and expertise of the field.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/international International cooperation]</ref> | # Educate others with its knowledge and expertise of the field.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/international International cooperation]</ref> | ||
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'''CENTR:''' | '''CENTR:''' | ||
AFNIC is one of the co-founders of CENTR. Through it, AFNIC tries to promote the importance of Internet-related intellectual property rights and actively participates in its proceedings to improve operational exchanges between ccTLDs, particularly | AFNIC is one of the co-founders of CENTR. Through it, AFNIC tries to promote the importance of Internet-related intellectual property rights and actively participates in its proceedings to improve operational exchanges between ccTLDs, particularly those based in Europe.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/international/centr CENTR]</ref> | ||
'''ICANN:''' | '''ICANN:''' | ||
AFNIC vows to participate actively | AFNIC vows to participate actively in the coordination of Internet-related activities at a global level. In this effort, AFNIC provides support in the creation of the [[ccNSO]], an ICANN organization that handles issues related to ccTLDs from a global perspective <ref>[http://ccnso.icann.org/about ccsno.icann.org]</ref>. AFNIC provided technical support to the [[DNSO]], ICANN’s domain name supporting organization, until July 2003. AFNIC also provides support to ICANN’s working groups, to improve naming quality, operational exchanges between ccTLD registries, and internet stability.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/international/icann ICANN]</ref> | ||
== Research and development == | == Research and development == | ||
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In accordance with the scientific mission, AFNIC tries to make improvements related to internet use and services. It conducts various experiments on its own or as requested by French authorities or international partners.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d research and development]</ref> | In accordance with the scientific mission, AFNIC tries to make improvements related to internet use and services. It conducts various experiments on its own or as requested by French authorities or international partners.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d research and development]</ref> | ||
It has worked on various projects such as | It has worked on various projects such as: | ||
* DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) | * [[DNSSEC]] (Domain Name System Security Extensions)<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/dnssec DNSSEC]</ref> | ||
* Internet of Things (IOT) where different objects communicate directly or indirectly with devices | * Internet of Things ([[IOT]]), where different objects communicate directly or indirectly with devices that connect to the internet and the Object Naming Service ([[ONS]]), which is a standard that enables [[EPC]]s (Electronic Product Codes) present in [[RFID]] tags to be linked to the internet.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/ons IOT and ONS]</ref> | ||
* ENUM (tElephone NUmber Mapping) | * [[ENUM]] (tElephone NUmber Mapping), a method of converting a telephone number into an internet domain name by querying a Domain Name Server (DNS).<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/enum ENUM]</ref> | ||
* IPv6 the latest version of Internet Protocol.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/ipv6 IPv6]</ref> | * [[IPv6]], the latest version of Internet Protocol.<ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/ipv6 IPv6]</ref> | ||
* Generic NIC, a website with an objective of providing help with the formation or reorganization of bodies managing the internet Top Level Domain. <ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/nic-generique Generic NIC]</ref> | * [[Generic NIC]], a website with an objective of providing help with the formation or reorganization of bodies managing the internet Top Level Domain. <ref>[http://www.afnic.fr/afnic/r_d/nic-generique Generic NIC]</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 20:10, 17 April 2011
AFNIC (Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération, previously NIC-France) is a non-profit organization that administers the TLD registry for France (.fr) and its overseas territories. It was established in 1997 jointly by the INRIA (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control of France) and the Government of France, represented by the Ministries of Telecommunications, Industries and Research. [1]
History[edit | edit source]
1986-1997: NIC-France From 1986 to 1997, INRIA was responsible for the management of .fr (ccTLD ISO code 3166) on behalf of the Standard Research Institute’s Network Information Centre (SRI-NIC) and INTERNIC. Until 1992, INRIA also managed Fnet (also called the INRIA network), which was, at the time, the only ISP in France. As demand increased, INRIA opened up for everyone in France who wanted internet connectivity. With the appearance of new network service providers, a Consultative Committee (CC-NIC) was setup in 1994 comprising of representatives each from the INRIA and the service providers. Many service providers joined the consultative committee and provided funds to NIC-France. Intellectual property issues were considered for the first time by setting rules for assigning names under the .fr domain. November 1995, NIC-France stopped the service of allocating IP addresses.
Post-1998: AFNIC On January 1, 1998, AFNIC was created and is governed by the French law of July 1, 1901 (voluntary association). It took over from INRIA with an intention of providing flexible management structure and wide support to its members, which was not possible to achieve by a research institute. [2]
Tasks and services[edit | edit source]
AFNIC follows three main missions
Technical mission: AFNIC is responsible for managing France's TLDs and assigning responsibility of these to service providers of the French national territory.
Currently AFNIC handles the following ccTLDs:
- .fr - France
- .re - Reunion Island
- .tf - French Southern Territories
- .yt - Mayotte
- .pm - Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
- .wf - Wallis and Futuna Islands
It also ensures accessibility of these domains from any point on the internet and is responsible for maintaining databases for these domains. It serves with a mission of contributing to the digital economic development of France by developing and providing services for ISPs.
General Interest mission: AFNIC ensures the presence of French national territory on the internet and provides resources to national public institutions for registry services and support services for French digital economic development.
Scientific mission: AFNIC has the responsibility of forecasting internet evolutions and extending cooperation with other countries on the matters of domain name industry and research.[3]
Members[edit | edit source]
It consists of members from both public and private internet players responsible for the use and development of the Internet. Members including the founders INRIA and the French government are public authoritative representatives, legal entities (companies, organizations, plants) and individuals, the domain name registrars or Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and international entities. In addition there are honorary members who are awarded membership by the board of directors for providing services to the association.[4]
International Cooperation[edit | edit source]
AFNIC is majorly involved in international relations and works on three main guidelines:
- Participate and contribute in global internet management and governance in association with ICANN, CENTR, WSIS and so on.
- Introduce new services and standards like IETF, RIPE, RIPE NCC.
- Educate others with its knowledge and expertise of the field.[5]
Some of the international organizations related to AFNIC
CENTR: AFNIC is one of the co-founders of CENTR. Through it, AFNIC tries to promote the importance of Internet-related intellectual property rights and actively participates in its proceedings to improve operational exchanges between ccTLDs, particularly those based in Europe.[6]
ICANN: AFNIC vows to participate actively in the coordination of Internet-related activities at a global level. In this effort, AFNIC provides support in the creation of the ccNSO, an ICANN organization that handles issues related to ccTLDs from a global perspective [7]. AFNIC provided technical support to the DNSO, ICANN’s domain name supporting organization, until July 2003. AFNIC also provides support to ICANN’s working groups, to improve naming quality, operational exchanges between ccTLD registries, and internet stability.[8]
Research and development[edit | edit source]
In accordance with the scientific mission, AFNIC tries to make improvements related to internet use and services. It conducts various experiments on its own or as requested by French authorities or international partners.[9]
It has worked on various projects such as:
- DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions)[10]
- Internet of Things (IOT), where different objects communicate directly or indirectly with devices that connect to the internet and the Object Naming Service (ONS), which is a standard that enables EPCs (Electronic Product Codes) present in RFID tags to be linked to the internet.[11]
- ENUM (tElephone NUmber Mapping), a method of converting a telephone number into an internet domain name by querying a Domain Name Server (DNS).[12]
- IPv6, the latest version of Internet Protocol.[13]
- Generic NIC, a website with an objective of providing help with the formation or reorganization of bodies managing the internet Top Level Domain. [14]