Alternative Roots

Alternative Root Servers or the Alternative Domain Servers provides users with alternative gTLDs not currently available in ICANN space. The control of the official Internet is mostly in the hands of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). IANA, a department of ICANN, has full control over the ‘root’ server, which is a file on a computer that is kept at Herndon, Virginia. This file works as the official list of domain names on the Internet.

The DNS is a hierarchical system designed to allow humans to use text strings to access content or services in place of IP addresses on a global information network. Operating systems have been distributed for decades with the listing of default DNS servers to use as the authoritative place to obtain an answer when searching for a TLD. There are 13 Root Server Operators in that file, and they comprise the Internet's main DNS root. In addition to the Internet's main DNS root working in agreement with ICANN, several organizations operate Alternative Root Servers (often referred to as "alt roots"). Each alternative root has its own set of root nameservers and its own set of TLDs.

Alternative Root or Registry Projects

Alternative Root Servers have been in existence since 1995 when several groups of Internet users found out that they didn’t have choices other than .com, .org], and so on. Alt roots can in general be divided into two groups; those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, and those run as profit-making enterprises.

• Open Root Server Network (ORSN): A network of root servers in Europe (other than the one run by Paul Vixie in the U.S.) that operated from February 2002 to December 2008. ORSN had 2 operating modes: ICANN-based and the default, independent. The former involved daily synchronization but did not remove TLDs that ICANN; the latter was not automatically synchronized.

Letter	Operator	Location
A	Celox GmbH	Frankfurt, Germany
B	Funkfeuer	Vienna, Austria
C	KEVAG Telekom GmbH	Koblenz, Germany
D	Cyberlink Internet Services AG	Zurich, Switzerland
E	TRIERA Broadband	Maribor, Slovenia
F	Zen Systems ApS	Lyngby, Denmark
G	NFSi - Soluções Internet, Lda	Leiria, Portugal
H	Init Seven AG	Zurich, Switzerland
I	ALET.IT	Pisa, Italy
J	ASDA	Athens, Greece
K	Titan Networks Netherlands BV	Amsterdam, Netherlands
L	Paul Vixie	San Jose, California, United States
M	Home of the Brave GmbH	Frankfurt, Germany

• Open Root Server Confederation (ORSC):
• OpenNIC: a user-owned and -controlled top-level Network Information Center offering a non-national alternative to traditional Top-Level Domain (TLD) registries.
• AlterNIC (aka ANIC): a domain name registry created by Eugene Kashpureff and Diane Boling that relied on an alternative DNS root with the aim of challenging the monopoly of InterNIC that operated from 1995 to 1997.
• eDNS: an organization that promoted alternative DNS root services established by Karl Denninger; it opened and closed in 1997 as it did not achieve commercial success.
• Iperdome:
• .web IODesign: In 2012, IODesign claimed it had over 20,000 domains in its alternative root.

• New.Net/VendareMedia/Connexus: a commercial alternative root that sought to compete with .com, .net, and other TLDs. that attempted to work directly with internet service providers to activate their domain names automatically at the network level. The founders developed proprietary technology to allow their domain-naming system to exist alongside ICANN.
• UnifiedRoot: River Book Investment Company bought this alternative root based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2005. It operates an independent infrastructure to enable the creation and usage of TLDs and IDNs registered on its system. The Unifiedroot root server platform is IPv6 and IDN ready and operates parallel to ICANN. Individuals cannot apply for a TLD or IDN with Unifiedroot. Only companies, organizations, and institutions can register a TLD or IDN.
• dotLOVE - endorsed and supported by Dr. Masaru Emoto (of What the Bleep? fame)
• Cesidian Root Alternate Link
• iDNS i-DNS.net International
• BORN : Business Oriented Root Network
• ONIC : The OpenNIC Project
• CINICS : Common Interest Network Information Center Society (Jefsey Morsin)
• INIAC
• Public-Root
• UNIDT
• Namecoin: created in 2010, the first decentralized name registration database to use the first-to-file paradigm (where the first registerer succeeds and the second fails); this implementation requires bootstrapping an independent blockchain and building and testing all the necessary state transition and networking code.
• NBA
• UCDA
• Handshake: A DNS-backwards compatible naming protocol. It adds a distributed, decentralized blockchain-based system to the root zone file where TLD ownership information is stored. No one controls it and anyone can use it, allowing for a root zone that is uncensorable, permissionless, and free of gatekeepers. Every peer in the Handshake network cryptographically validates and manages the root zone, eliminating the need for the Certificate Authority system.
• Ethereum: an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications, providing a different set of tradeoffs for a large class of decentralized applications, that focuses on situations involving rapid development time, requiring security for small and rarely used applications, and offering wide-ranging, agile interaction. It has an abstract foundational layer: a blockchain with a built-in Turing-complete programming language so that anyone can write smart contracts and decentralized applications with their own arbitrary rules for ownership, transaction formats, and state transition functions.
• Unstoppable:
• .chn: for the IoT in China.
• Russian National Domain Name System

Reasons Alternative Root Projects Have Developed

Against Governmental/Intergovernmental Control of the Internet

• ORSN was founded out of concern over the U.S. government's control of ICANN.
• ORSC's founders wanted the evolution of the Internet's Domain Name System to be organic, from the bottom up, and free of intergovernmental agencies.

Experimentation

• In 2005, Paul Vixie, a member of the ISC F-Root team and involved in maintaining BIND, a popular open-source implementation of DNS, suggested to RSSAC that ICANN create an alternate root zone so that the technical community could add features like internationalized domain names, IPv6, and DNSSEC without disrupting older DNS behavior.
• Advances in authentication: relies on a new security model of validation, which can reduce individual credential management.

Data Privacy

• Individual chooses relationships and connections, offering privacy and data protection, as all data and personal information are stored by the individual making the connections.

Peer-to-Peer Transactions

Individuals can make transactions with each other directly; they do not need intermediary companies.

Theories on Why Alternative Root Projects Fail

• Paul Vixie explains that “any set of DNS root name servers that serves any DNS root zone that did not come from IANA is an ‘alternate root’...[M]any attempts to fork the IANA name space and offer non-standard top level domains...has failed. Often that failure followed public ridicule by me. I think alternate roots of the ‘name space fork’ variety are a terrible idea for the global Internet, although I recognize the need for this kind of name space augmentation inside many enterprise networks...Vibrant competition among Internet name spaces is bad for all of us—bad for business, bad for freedom of expression, bad for national and personal security."

On-Going Issues

Fragmentation

Concerns have been raised over how alternative roots could lead to the technical, governmental, and commercial splintering of the Internet.

Name Collision

Conflicts can occur in user experience and functionality when there are identical TLDs that do not match in their delegation, which is why some form of centralized coordination is important in adding names to roots, such as we see with ICANN. The .biz TLD created by Pacific Root was in operation before ICANN proposed running .biz, and at least one of the alternative root servers resolves .biz to Pacific Root's. There are .biz domain names that exist in different roots and point to different IP addresses. The possibility of such conflicts, and their potential for destabilizing the Internet, is the main source of controversy surrounding alt roots.

Governance

For better or worse, there is a lack of governance in decentralized systems such as that making use of Blockchain. However, the coordination required to encompass many voices and views and build consensus is glacial in contrast to the pace of pioneering and innovation in unregulated spaces.

Security

Blockchain models

• Easy to copy and paste
• could use QR codes but only works with smartphones

Functionality

• Limited audience: few people can view sites or send emails and only to those also using domains in the alternative TLDs. This could be improved through the use of special helper applications, or if a custom configuration was made to their computer, or to their nameservers, or a custom configuration at an ISP upstream in the DNS hierarchy. None of these solutions were as comprehensive as being listed in the default nameservers that are seen when an operating system starts. Whilst technically trivial to set up, actually running a reliable root server network, in the long run, is a serious undertaking, requiring multiple servers to be kept running 24/7 in geographically diverse locations. During the dot-com boom, some alt-root providers believed that there were substantial profits to be made from providing alternative top-level domains. Only a small proportion of ISPs actually use any of the zones served by alt-root operators, generally sticking to the ICANN-specified root servers. This in turn led to the commercial failure of several alternative DNS root providers.
• Alternative name systems today are clunky, hard to reach, and expensive; they put the onus on browsers, which do not want to govern.

ICANN's stance

In 2012, ICANN conveyed its opposition to alternative roots in "ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS" . This document incorporates, by reference, "RFC2826: IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root" .

In November 2021, ICANN published a blog post reiterating buyer beware when it comes to alternative root servers.

Top-Level Domain

Internationalized Domain Name

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

Internet Service Provider

Internet Architecture Board