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ICANN's history and the history of the Internet are interlinked, and the mission of ICANN was carried out prior to its formation by volunteers, governmental actors, and academic institutions. The following is an attempt to categorize the history (and prehistory) of ICANN and the Domain Name System into eras. Some eras are defined by technical and technological advances, while others are defined by policy initiatives, structural or operational changes to ICANN org, or a broader thematic push. For instance, the present era involves the globalization of access to and use of the Internet; despite ICANN being committed to the global Internet community from its inception, several trends are converging to make the present moment a fight for global and universal access and acceptance: the [[BRIC]] countries will represent the vast majority of Internet growth in the coming decade; [[Internationalized Domain Name]]s are growing in prominence and the effort to ensure [[universal acceptance]] of alternate language scripts is as well; efforts to nationalize the DNS by China and Russia are forcing a broader conversation about the value and impact of a global Internet; and ICANN itself is aggressively seeking to improve its presence in and outreach to under-represented parts of the world.
{{Template:Articles needing attention}}
 
[[ICANN]]'s history and the history of the [[Internet]] are interlinked, and the [[ICANN Mission- and Value-Driven Initiatives|mission of ICANN]] was carried out prior to its formation by volunteers, governmental actors, and academic institutions. The following is an attempt to categorize the history (and prehistory) of ICANN and the [[The Domain Name System|Domain Name System]] into eras. Some eras are defined by technical and technological advances, while others are defined by policy initiatives, structural or operational changes to the [[ICANN Organization|ICANN org]], or a broader thematic push. For instance, the present era involves the globalization of access to and use of the Internet; despite ICANN's commitment to the global Internet community from its inception, several trends have converged to make the present moment a fight for global and universal access and acceptance: [https://www.statista.com/topics/3116/internet-usage-in-bric/#dossierKeyfigures Internet usage in BRIC] will represent the vast majority of growth in the coming decade; [[Internationalized Domain Name]]s are growing in prominence, and the effort to ensure [[universal acceptance]] of alternate language scripts is as well; efforts to provide [[Alternative Roots|alternatives to the DNS by China and Russia are forcing a broader conversation about the value and impact of a global, interoperable Internet; and ICANN itself is aggressively seeking to improve its presence in and outreach to under-represented parts of the world.


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''TIMELINE UNDER MAINTENANCE'''
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           color:org from:01/01/2019 till:$now text:"[[Evolution of the Multistakeholder Model|MSM Evolution]]"
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</timeline>
==Eras==
==Eras==
[[ICANN through the Decades|ICANN has grown and changed significantly over the years]]. [[:Category:Internet Pioneers|Many people]] have made contributions throughout their lives to shaping how the Internet and ICANN work. The following is an abbreviated look at the birth of the Internet and the development of ICANN. It should not be taken as a canonical resource regarding ICANN's evolution. Technological and policy initiatives overlap. The boundaries for each era are necessarily fuzzy. Although the effort is to identify themes within the events and history of a given era, there is no guarantee that we have it "right," or that there is a "perfectly correct" representation of a given timeframe.
[[ICANN through the Decades|ICANN has grown and changed significantly over the years]]. [[:Category:Internet Pioneers|Many people]] have made contributions throughout their lives to shaping how the Internet and ICANN work. The following is an abbreviated look at the birth of the Internet and the development of ICANN. It should not be taken as a canonical resource regarding ICANN's evolution. Technological and policy initiatives overlap. The boundaries for each era are necessarily fuzzy. Although the effort is to identify themes within the events and history of a given era, there is no guarantee that we have it "right," or that there is a "perfectly correct" representation of a given timeframe.
 
==Mission & Values==
[[ICANN Mission- and Value-Driven Initiatives|ICANN's Core Mission and Values have also evolved over time]]. As the scope and breadth of ICANN's Mission have become more defined, the organization's [[ICANN Bylaws|bylaws]] have adapted as well: establishing new policy development mechanisms; integrating prior agreements into the bylaws; and more fully describing the purpose and goals of the organization. Within ICANN org, staffing and organizational changes have focused on implementing ICANN's mission as instructed by the board.


==1968-1976: The Birth of the Internet==
==1968-1976: The Birth of the Internet==
Line 174: Line 182:
====Events====
====Events====
* The first New gTLD Expansion Round is conducted.<ref>[https://archive.icann.org/en/tlds/app-index.htm ICANN.org - New TLD Application Process Archive], last updated November 13, 2000</ref>
* The first New gTLD Expansion Round is conducted.<ref>[https://archive.icann.org/en/tlds/app-index.htm ICANN.org - New TLD Application Process Archive], last updated November 13, 2000</ref>
* L Root Server moved to ICANN <ref>[https://icannwiki.org/History_of_ROOT-SERVERS]</ref><ref>[https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-023-04nov16-en.pdf]</ref>


==2001-2003: ICANN Reform==
==2001-2003: ICANN Reform==
Line 247: Line 256:
===2017===  
===2017===  
====Events====
====Events====
* ICANN and NTIA formally end their contract for the IANA functions, completing the transition of the IANA functions stewardship from NTIA to ICANN.
* ICANN and NTIA formally end their contract for the IANA functions, completing the transition of the IANA functions stewardship from NTIA to ICANN.<ref>[https://www.internetx.com/en/news-detailview/the-history-of-the-domain-name-industry/ History of the Domain Name Industry, Internetx]</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 254: Line 263:


[[Category:ICANN History]]
[[Category:ICANN History]]
[[Category:Featured]]
[[Category:Loose initiatives]]

Latest revision as of 03:47, 6 November 2024

This article needs attention. Please help improve it by revising the article in accordance with ICANNWiki's content guidelines. In particular, ensure a neutral point of view and proper sourcing of information.

ICANN's history and the history of the Internet are interlinked, and the mission of ICANN was carried out prior to its formation by volunteers, governmental actors, and academic institutions. The following is an attempt to categorize the history (and prehistory) of ICANN and the Domain Name System into eras. Some eras are defined by technical and technological advances, while others are defined by policy initiatives, structural or operational changes to the ICANN org, or a broader thematic push. For instance, the present era involves the globalization of access to and use of the Internet; despite ICANN's commitment to the global Internet community from its inception, several trends have converged to make the present moment a fight for global and universal access and acceptance: Internet usage in BRIC will represent the vast majority of growth in the coming decade; Internationalized Domain Names are growing in prominence, and the effort to ensure universal acceptance of alternate language scripts is as well; efforts to provide [[Alternative Roots|alternatives to the DNS by China and Russia are forcing a broader conversation about the value and impact of a global, interoperable Internet; and ICANN itself is aggressively seeking to improve its presence in and outreach to under-represented parts of the world.

Overview 编辑

TIMELINE UNDER MAINTENANCE

Eras 编辑

ICANN has grown and changed significantly over the years. Many people have made contributions throughout their lives to shaping how the Internet and ICANN work. The following is an abbreviated look at the birth of the Internet and the development of ICANN. It should not be taken as a canonical resource regarding ICANN's evolution. Technological and policy initiatives overlap. The boundaries for each era are necessarily fuzzy. Although the effort is to identify themes within the events and history of a given era, there is no guarantee that we have it "right," or that there is a "perfectly correct" representation of a given timeframe.

Mission & Values 编辑

ICANN's Core Mission and Values have also evolved over time. As the scope and breadth of ICANN's Mission have become more defined, the organization's bylaws have adapted as well: establishing new policy development mechanisms; integrating prior agreements into the bylaws; and more fully describing the purpose and goals of the organization. Within ICANN org, staffing and organizational changes have focused on implementing ICANN's mission as instructed by the board.

1968-1976: The Birth of the Internet 编辑

ARPANET 编辑

  • NLS System at Stanford, 1968[1]
    NLS System at Stanford, 1968[1]
  • The "Mother of All Demos," 1968[2]
    The "Mother of All Demos," 1968[2]
  • Concept drawing of ARPANET, 1969[3]
    Concept drawing of ARPANET, 1969[3]
  • Interface Message Processor, 1969[4]
    Interface Message Processor, 1969[4]
  • Queen Elizabeth II sends an email, 1976[5]
    Queen Elizabeth II sends an email, 1976[5]

1972 编辑

Events 编辑

  • UCLA grad student Jon Postel proposes that a "numbers czar" be appointed to keep a record of addresses on the ARPANET and guard against address collisions. The research community agrees and elects Postel to the position of internet numbers coordinator (eventually to become known as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).[6] Ultimately, the ARPANET was a product of DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. MIT, the University of Southern California, UCLA, and the Stanford Research Institute, under contract with DARPA, were all instrumental in the development of technologies that are still used today in the modern Internet.[7] Jon Postel, Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, and other Internet pioneers were first connected with ARPANET projects and innovations.

1983-1988: Birth of the DNS 编辑

NSFNet Logo (Image from History of Information)

1983 编辑

Events 编辑

  • Postel officially establishes IANA

1986 编辑

Events 编辑

1987 编辑

Events 编辑

  • Over 20,000 servers online hosting websites

1988-1995: Legitimization 编辑

1988 编辑

Documents & RFCs 编辑

IAB logo (Image from A Brief History of the IAB)

* RFC 1083 - Internet Activities Board Official Protocol Standards (first mention of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in the RFC Index)[8]

1992 编辑

  • Internet goes commercial/ gains a public/ officially becomes marketplace

Documents & RFCs 编辑

  • RFC 1358 - Original Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (the Internet Activities Board gets a new name and charter document)[9]
  • RFC 1386 - The .us Domain (Jon Postel explains structure and use of the .US ccTLD and second-level domains for states)[10]

1993 编辑

Events 编辑

  • Network Solutions enters into a five-year contract with the NSF to provide domain name registration and network number assignment services.

Documents & RFCs 编辑

  • RFC 1436 - Internet Gopher Protocol[11]
  • RFC 1527 - What Should We Plan Given the Dilemma of the Network? (Gordon Cook presents his thoughts and proposals, developed during his time with the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, on the possible regulatory and policy needs of the National Research and Education Network and the "American" internet, as they become a noncommercial part of the global internet)[12]

1994 编辑

Events 编辑

  • Postel publishes what will become a canonical resource for the management of (and debates regarding) the domain name system.

Documents & RFCs 编辑

  • RFC 1591 - Domain Name System Structure and Delegation

1996-1997: Internet Governance in Broad Strokes 编辑

IAHC Original Members (Image from Internet Society)

1997 编辑

Events 编辑

  • In May 1997, the ISOC and IANA form the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC) concerning the development of a new governance model for TLDs following the expansion and commercialization of the Internet.
  • June 1997, the Clinton administration commits to the privatization of DNS management.

Documents 编辑

1998: Birth of ICANN 编辑

Events 编辑

  • In February 1998, the National Telecommunications Information Administration (NTIA) creates a Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses.
Early ICANN Headquarters at USC ISI (Image from Britannica)

* In September 1998, ICANN files its Articles of Incorporation with the California Secretary of State.

  • In October 1998, ICANN’s first board meeting is held in New York, at which Esther Dyson is named Chairman and Mike Roberts is designated President of ICANN.
  • In November 1998, a Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN is signed.[13] Contemporaneously with the signing of the MoU, ICANN amends its Articles of Incorporation to include a broader statement of public benefit that conforms to the expectations of the MoU.
  • The U.S. Department of Commerce releases the “Management of Internet Names and Addresses” outlining the objectives of ensuring DNS stability, maintaining competition, keeping Internet Governance in the private sector, relying on bottom-up coordination, and encouraging diverse and global representation.
  • In December 1998, the University of Southern California (USC) and ICANN enter into the IANA functions transition agreement.

Documents 编辑

1999-2002: ICANN's Ad Hoc Era 编辑

1999 编辑

Events 编辑

  • DNSO comes into existence
  • In March,
  1. the ICANN Board adopts the Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy for .com, .net, and .org, allowing for competition among domain name registrars for the first time ever, and establish the bylaws for the formation of the DNSO; and
  2. ICANN 1 takes place in Singapore, where the (GAC) and the RSSAC hold their inaugural meetings.
  • In October,
  1. the ASO is established, and
  2. the ICANN Board approves the UDRP.

2000 编辑

Events 编辑

  • The first New gTLD Expansion Round is conducted.[14]
  • L Root Server moved to ICANN [15][16]

2001-2003: ICANN Reform 编辑

2002 编辑

Events 编辑

Documents 编辑

  • M. Stuart Lynn: "President's Report: ICANN -- The Case for Reform"[18]
  • ICANN Bylaws, as revised in December 2002 in response to the Evolution & Reform Process and the ERC's recommendations.

2002-2006:Expansion of ICANN Community 编辑

2002 编辑

Events 编辑

ICW Main Page ahead of its ICANN 24 debut

* LACNIC joins ASO

2003 编辑

Events 编辑

  • The ccNSO is created for and by ccTLD managers
  • ICANN launches the second new gTLD expansion round, which runs until 2011 and during which .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, .travel, .xxx are delegated.
  • NomCom is formed
  • ALAC is established

2004 编辑

Events 编辑

2005 编辑

Events 编辑

  • ICANNWiki is founded to foster and grow knowledge and community ties among ICANN's diverse constituencies.
  • AFRINIC joins the ASO

2007-2009: Seemingly Infinite Reviewing Cycle 编辑

First Organizational Review Timeline
First Organizational Review Timeline

Rough Timeline of ICANN Review Overlap

The ICANN Bylaws call for two different types of review - organizational reviews (Article 4.4) and specific reviews (Article 4.6). Article 4.4 reviews were born from the 2002 Evolution and Reform Process, and require periodic review of ICANN's supporting organizations and advisory committees. Article 4.6 reviews originated in the Affirmation of Commitments, and the first round of "specific" reviews occurred before these reviews were enshrined in the bylaws. The amendment to the bylaws came about as a result of the IANA Functions Stewardship Transition, when it was recommended that the bylaws be revised to incorporate ICANN's obligations under the Affirmation of Commitments.

As the organizational reviews began, ICANN was in the process of entering into the Affirmation of Commitments with the United States Department of Commerce. As a result, the first specific reviews were launched in 2010, while most of the organizational reviews were still in progress or only recently completed. Many community members since that date have commented on what seems to be a relentless cycle of reviews of one aspect of ICANN or another (or many others at the same time).

ATRT 3 addressed this issue head-on, suggesting that organizational reviews be replaced by "continuous improvement programs," the results of which could feed into a single, "holistic" review of the organization and its constituent parts, to be performed on a periodic basis. In addition, the ATRT 3 team recommended suspending the next cycle of specific reviews until the completion of the next Accountability and Transparency Review. These recommendations were met with varying levels of enthusiasm. The ICANN Board approved the recommendations in the fall of 2020, with caveats. On the specific review side, the board noted that community approval would be required to amend the bylaws around specific reviews. In the organizational review reforms, the board agreed to implement pilot projects testing both the "holistic" review model and a continuous improvement model.

2007 编辑

Events 编辑

2008 编辑

Events 编辑

2009-2012: Defining Accountability and Transparency at ICANN 编辑

ATRT1 Process (Image from ATRT1 Milestones, ICANN)

2009 编辑

Events 编辑

2010 编辑

Events 编辑

Documents 编辑

  • "Scaling the Root: Report on the Impact on the DNS Root System of Increasing the Size and Volatility of the Root Zone"[21]

2012-2017: Scaling the Root 编辑

2012 编辑

2014 编辑

Events 编辑

  • The NTIA announces its intention to transition responsibility for IANA functions to the global multistakeholder community, and instructs ICANN to develop a transition plan.[22]

Documents 编辑

RFC 7282 - On Consensus and Humming in the IETF: Pete Resnick describes the process of gathering opinion and reaching "at least rough" consensus in decision making at the IETF.[23]

2015-Present: Toward Universality 编辑

2015 编辑

Events 编辑

2017 编辑

Events 编辑

  • ICANN and NTIA formally end their contract for the IANA functions, completing the transition of the IANA functions stewardship from NTIA to ICANN.[24]

References 编辑

  1. ↑ DARPA.mil - NLS
  2. ↑ DARPA.mil - the MOAD
  3. ↑ DARPA.mil - Paving the Way to the Modern Internet
  4. ↑ DARPA.mil - The ARPANET
  5. ↑ Malvern Radar and Technology History Society - HM Queen Elizabeth II sends Email
  6. ↑ Internet Society - IANA Timeline
  7. ↑ LiveScience.com - ARPANET to the World Wide Web, published June 2017
  8. ↑ RFC 1083 - IAB Official Protocol Standards, December 1988
  9. ↑ RFC 1358 - Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), August 1992
  10. ↑ RFC 1386 - The .US Domain, December 1992
  11. ↑ RFC 1436 - Internet Gopher Protocol, March 1993
  12. ↑ RFC 1527 - What Should We Plan Given the Dilemma of the Network?, September 1993
  13. ↑ ICANN.org Archive - Memorandum of Understanding, November 25, 1998
  14. ↑ ICANN.org - New TLD Application Process Archive, last updated November 13, 2000
  15. ↑ [1]
  16. ↑ [2]
  17. ↑ ICANN.org Archive - Committee on Evolution and Reform
  18. ↑ ICANN: The Case for Reform, February 24, 2002
  19. ↑ Resolution of the Board, February 3, 2009
  20. ↑ ICANN.org - ATRT1 Dashboard, last updated August 6, 2019
  21. ↑ Root Scaling Study Report, August 31, 2009 (PDF)
  22. ↑ NTIA.gov - NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet DNS Functions, March 14, 2014
  23. ↑ IETF Datatracker - RFC 7282, published June 2014
  24. ↑ History of the Domain Name Industry, Internetx

Deprecated. Domain Name Supporting Organization. Predecessor of the Generic Names Supporting Organization, which advised the Board with respect to policy issues relating to the Domain Name System (ICANN Bylaws).

Country Code Names Supporting Organization. Develops and recommends to the Board global policies relating to country-code top-level domains (ICANN Bylaws).

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