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The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]].
The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]
 
==Overview from 1983 to 2021==
{| class="wikitable"
! Dates !! TLDs !! use !! reason !! significance
|-
| 1983 || [[.no]] || ccTLD || Norway || the first ccTLD
|-
| October 1984 || introduced: [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.org]] || open || any person or entity is permitted to register || the original TLDs
|-
| October 1984 || introduced: [[.edu]], [[.gov]], [[.mil]] || limited (sponsored) || for higher educational institutions, United States governmental entities and agencies, and divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense, respectively || the original TLDs
|-
| 1985 || [[.us]], [[.uk]] [[.il]]  || ccTLDs || USA, UK, Israel || second, third, and fourth ccTLDs
|-
| 1986 || [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr,]] [[.is]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]], [[.se]] || ccTLDs || Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden || the next 8 ccTLDs
|-
| November 3, 1988 || introduced: [[.int]]  || limited (sponsored) || for organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations || in response to NATO request
|-
| 1998 ||  ||  ||  || Domain deregulation; ICANN is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers
|-
| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || limited (sponsored) || all Internet infrastructure databases ||
|-
| November 16, 2000 || approved: [[.aero]], [[.biz]], [[.coop]], [[.info]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]] || sponsored gTLDs ||  ||
|-
|  || Approved: [[.asia]], [[.cat]], [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || sponsored gTLDs ||  ||
|-
| April 2011 || introduced: [[.xxx]] || sponsored gTLD ||  || ICM Registry had been submitting this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000
|-
| 2012 || introducted: [[.post]] || sponsored gTLD ||  ||
|-
|  ||  || [[Community TLD]]s || for a defined community consisting of a restricted population ||
|-
| June 20, 2011 ||  ||  ||  ||  ICANN Board votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation
|-
| June 13, 2012 ||  ||  ||  || Reveal Day: 1,930 applications for new gTLDs submitted; 751 of which were contest
|-
| July 15, 2013 || [[сайт]], [[онлайн]], [[شبكة]] , [[游戏]]  ||  ||  || First four new gTLD aggreements signed
|-
| November 9, 2014 ||  ||  ||  || 400th gTLD was delegated
|-
| 20 May 2017 || [[ccTLD]]s ||  ||  || 255 ccTLDs delegated
|-
| June 2020 || [[IDN]] ccTLDs ||  ||  || 61 IDN ccTLDs approved
|-
| March 2021 ||  ||  ||  || IANA lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains)
|}


==Varieties of TLDs==  
==Varieties of TLDs==  

Revision as of 20:59, 8 March 2021

The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]

Overview from 1983 to 2021[edit | edit source]

Dates TLDs use reason significance
1983 .no ccTLD Norway the first ccTLD
October 1984 introduced: .com, .net, .org open any person or entity is permitted to register the original TLDs
October 1984 introduced: .edu, .gov, .mil limited (sponsored) for higher educational institutions, United States governmental entities and agencies, and divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense, respectively the original TLDs
1985 .us, .uk .il ccTLDs USA, UK, Israel second, third, and fourth ccTLDs
1986 .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .kr, .nl, .se ccTLDs Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden the next 8 ccTLDs
November 3, 1988 introduced: .int limited (sponsored) for organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations in response to NATO request
1998 Domain deregulation; ICANN is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers
May 2000 .arpa limited (sponsored) all Internet infrastructure databases
November 16, 2000 approved: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro sponsored gTLDs
Approved: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, .travel sponsored gTLDs
April 2011 introduced: .xxx sponsored gTLD ICM Registry had been submitting this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000
2012 introducted: .post sponsored gTLD
Community TLDs for a defined community consisting of a restricted population
June 20, 2011 ICANN Board votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation
June 13, 2012 Reveal Day: 1,930 applications for new gTLDs submitted; 751 of which were contest
July 15, 2013 сайт, онлайн, شبكة , 游戏 First four new gTLD aggreements signed
November 9, 2014 400th gTLD was delegated
20 May 2017 ccTLDs 255 ccTLDs delegated
June 2020 IDN ccTLDs 61 IDN ccTLDs approved
March 2021 IANA lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains)

Varieties of TLDs[edit | edit source]

There are different types of TLDs.

gTLDs[edit | edit source]

  • brand TLDs - corporations use their corporate name as their website's top-level identifier instead of .com or .biz domain space
  • community TLDs relate to local events, gatherings, or organizations.
  • geoTLDs represent geographical or regional areas that are not countries with three or more ASCII characters.
  • hSTLDs
  • nTLDs - domains that were introduced beginning in October 2013
  • sTLDs - has a sponsor for a specific purpose, such as to represent a specific ethnic community, professional group, or geographical location.

ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

Country-code TLDs are delegated to a designated ccTLD registry, which is operated by a ccTLD Manager, according to local policies that are adapted to meet the economic, cultural, linguistic, and legal circumstances of the country or territory involved.

TLDs with two ASCII characters have been established for over 250 countries and external territories.
TLDs with non-ASCII characters designated for a country or geographic region.

Operating Mode[edit | edit source]

TLDs operate in different manners but can be categorized in some simple ways:

  • Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
  • Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.

Level of Restriction[edit | edit source]

  • Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
  • Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria to qualify.

Reserved Names[edit | edit source]

  • country code top-level domains
  • related to ICANN
  • related to IANA functions
  • names of countries and territories
  • names of international and intergovernmental organizations
  • names that a registry operator uses to operate the gTLD
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