Top-Level Domain: Difference between revisions
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==Overview from 1983 to 2021== | ==Overview from 1983 to 2021== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Dates !! TLDs !! | ! Dates !! TLDs !! Use !! Reason !! Significance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1983 || [[.no]] || ccTLD || Norway || | | 1983 || [[.no]] || [[ccTLD]] || Norway || The first ccTLD | ||
|- | |- | ||
| October 1984 || | | October 1984 || [[.com]], [[.net]], [[.org]] || open || Any person or entity is permitted to register || The first [[gTLD]]s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| October 1984 || | | October 1984 || [[.edu]], [[.gov]], [[.mil]] || limited; [[sTLD|sponsored]] || for higher educational institutions, United States governmental entities and agencies, and divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense, respectively || The first [[gTLD]]s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1985 || [[.us]], [[.uk]] [[.il]] || ccTLDs || USA, UK, Israel || second, third, and fourth ccTLDs | | 1985 || [[.us]], [[.uk]] [[.il]] || ccTLDs || USA, UK, Israel || The second, third, and fourth ccTLDs | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1986 || [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr]], [[.is]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]], [[.se]] || ccTLDs || Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden || | | 1986 || [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr]], [[.is]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]], [[.se]] || ccTLDs || Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden || The next eight ccTLDs | ||
|- | |- | ||
| November 3, 1988 || | | November 3, 1988 || [[.int]] || Limited; sponsored || For organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations || In response to a request by NATO | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1998 || || || || Domain deregulation; ICANN is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers | | 1998 || || || || Domain deregulation; ICANN is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers | ||
|- | |- | ||
| May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || | | May 2000 || [[.arpa]] || Limited; sponsored || All Internet infrastructure databases || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| November 16, 2000 || | | November 16, 2000 || [[.aero]], [[.biz]], [[.coop]], [[.info]], [[.museum]], [[.name]], [[.pro]] || Sponsored gTLDs || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || Approved: [[.asia]], [[.cat]], [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || | | || Approved: [[.asia]], [[.cat]], [[.jobs]], [[.mobi]], [[.tel]], [[.travel]] || Sponsored gTLDs || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| April 2011 || | | April 2011 || [[.xxx]] || Sponsored gTLD || || [[ICM Registry]] had submitted proposals for this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2012 || | | 2012 || [[.post]] || sponsored gTLD || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || || [[Community TLD]]s || | | || || [[Community TLD]]s || For a defined community consisting of a restricted population || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| June 20, 2011 || || || || ICANN Board votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation | | June 20, 2011 || || || || ICANN Board votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| June 13, 2012 || || || || Reveal Day: 1,930 applications for new gTLDs submitted; 751 of which were contest | | June 13, 2012 || || || || Reveal Day: '''1,930''' applications for new gTLDs submitted; '''751''' of which were contest | ||
|- | |- | ||
| July 15, 2013 || [[сайт]], [[онлайн]], [[شبكة]] , [[游戏]] || || || First four new gTLD aggreements signed | | July 15, 2013 || [[.сайт]], [[.онлайн]], [[.شبكة]] , [[.游戏]] || || || First four new gTLD aggreements signed | ||
|- | |- | ||
| November 9, 2014 || || || || 400th gTLD was delegated | | November 9, 2014 || || || || 400th gTLD was delegated | ||
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| June 2020 || [[IDN]] ccTLDs || || || 61 IDN ccTLDs approved | | June 2020 || [[IDN]] ccTLDs || || || 61 IDN ccTLDs approved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| March 2021 || || || || IANA lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains) | | March 2021 || || || || [[IANA]] lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 16:20, 9 March 2021
The domain name system allows users to refer to websites and other Internet resources using names rather than the all-numeric IP addresses assigned to each computer on the Internet. Each domain name consists of a series of character strings separated by dots. The right-most string is its top-level domain (TLD), and every TLD is managed by a single [[registry]
Overview from 1983 to 2021[edit | edit source]
| Dates | TLDs | Use | Reason | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | .no | ccTLD | Norway | The first ccTLD |
| October 1984 | .com, .net, .org | open | Any person or entity is permitted to register | The first gTLDs |
| October 1984 | .edu, .gov, .mil | limited; sponsored | for higher educational institutions, United States governmental entities and agencies, and divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense, respectively | The first gTLDs |
| 1985 | .us, .uk .il | ccTLDs | USA, UK, Israel | The second, third, and fourth ccTLDs |
| 1986 | .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .kr, .nl, .se | ccTLDs | Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, South Korea, Netherlands, Sweden | The next eight ccTLDs |
| November 3, 1988 | .int | Limited; sponsored | For organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations | In response to a request by NATO |
| 1998 | Domain deregulation; ICANN is formed to oversee Internet names and numbers | |||
| May 2000 | .arpa | Limited; sponsored | All Internet infrastructure databases | |
| November 16, 2000 | .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro | Sponsored gTLDs | ||
| Approved: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, .travel | Sponsored gTLDs | |||
| April 2011 | .xxx | Sponsored gTLD | ICM Registry had submitted proposals for this sTLD for pornographic sites since 2000 | |
| 2012 | .post | sponsored gTLD | ||
| Community TLDs | For a defined community consisting of a restricted population | |||
| June 20, 2011 | ICANN Board votes to dramatically increase the number of gTLDs from the 22 already in operation | |||
| June 13, 2012 | Reveal Day: 1,930 applications for new gTLDs submitted; 751 of which were contest | |||
| July 15, 2013 | .сайт, .онлайн, .شبكة , .游戏 | First four new gTLD aggreements signed | ||
| November 9, 2014 | 400th gTLD was delegated | |||
| 20 May 2017 | ccTLDs | 255 ccTLDs delegated | ||
| June 2020 | IDN ccTLDs | 61 IDN ccTLDs approved | ||
| March 2021 | IANA lists 1589 TLDs (1503 in use, 67 not assigned/revoked, 8 retired, 11 test domains) |
Varieties of TLDs[edit | edit source]
There are different types of TLDs.
gTLDs[edit | edit source]
- brand TLDs - corporations use their corporate name as their website's top-level identifier instead of .com or .biz domain space
- community TLDs relate to local events, gatherings, or organizations.
- geoTLDs represent geographical or regional areas that are not countries with three or more ASCII characters.
- hSTLDs
- nTLDs - domains that were introduced beginning in October 2013
- sTLDs - has a sponsor for a specific purpose, such as to represent a specific ethnic community, professional group, or geographical location.
ccTLDs[edit | edit source]
Country-code TLDs are delegated to a designated ccTLD registry, which is operated by a ccTLD Manager, according to local policies that are adapted to meet the economic, cultural, linguistic, and legal circumstances of the country or territory involved.
- TLDs with two ASCII characters have been established for over 250 countries and external territories.
- TLDs with non-ASCII characters designated for a country or geographic region.
Operating Mode[edit | edit source]
TLDs operate in different manners but can be categorized in some simple ways:
- Open - Operating and offering both registration and resolution services.
- Closed - Not accepting registrations, may be resolving evergreen/legacy/infrastructure subdomains.
Level of Restriction[edit | edit source]
- Unrestricted - If there are no requirements that must be met in order to register a name under a TLD, that TLD is Unrestricted.
- Restricted - Requiring Local Physical Address, Local Tax ID, or other specific criteria to qualify.
Reserved Names[edit | edit source]
- country code top-level domains
- related to ICANN
- related to IANA functions
- names of countries and territories
- names of international and intergovernmental organizations
- names that a registry operator uses to operate the gTLD