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Vertical Integration
Vertical Integration (VI, or Cross Ownership) is a business structure in which the various functions of the Registry Operator and the Registrar are handled by a single body. This single body is either owned or is under supervision of the same company that supports the specific gTLD; alternatively, the controlling body can be a partnered company that is given the contract of the gTLD. The Registry Operator is not required to provide equivalent access and non-discriminatory access to non-affiliated registrars to sell names under its gTLD. Related policies are developed by ICANN's Vertical Integration Working Group (VIWG). Vertical Integration was banned by ICANN for much of its history, requiring instead Vertical Separation; but in November 2010, the ICANN Board changed its position on Vertical Separation and moved to implement Vertical Integration to foster greater innovation, competition, and presumably provide the consumer with differentiated and lower-priced options.
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Name Collision
A Name Collision describes the circumstance in which a term attempting to reach a private Domain Name results in resolving to a public Domain Name unintentionally. Private domain names are used in Intranets and in many corporations and organizations throughout the world. A domain name on a private network that matches a name in the public Internet can create security risks, confusion, and systems failure. Although the Name Collision issue is not new, a renewed interest in the issue came about in 2013 as ICANN's New gTLD Program was preparing to delegate hundreds of new domain names to the Root Zone. The topic was debated fiercely within the ICANN community when a report by Interisle Consulting was prepared for and released by ICANN.
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