DNS Abuse Responses

DNS Abuse Responses are the various tools, methods, collaboration, and philosophies spawning from DNS Abuse itself.

Overview

There are four time-related categories of responses to DNS Abuse:

1. reactionary detection and removal of sources of abuse (necessarily after the fact),
2. cotemporal efforts to mitigate the amount and likelihood of abuse or its impact,
3. future-focused work on stopping abuse before it can happen, and
4. ongoing allowance of abuse for ideological or jurisdictional reasons.

Response Options

Reactionary Removal

• SAC115
• DNS Abuse Framework
• Terms of Service (ToS) notice-and-takedown regimes for use/content abuse
• on Domain Generating Algorithms Associated with Malware and Botnets

Cotemporal Mitigation

• DNS Abuse Institute Roadmap
• Budapest Convention
• The CDM Program offers Automation in IT Security

Prevention

• DNSSEC
• MITRE ATT&CK
• Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification
• Cyber Kill Chain
• NIS 2

Intentional Inaction & Evidentiary Collection

• IC3
• NCIJTF

Points of View

Every type of Internet user has worries over DNS Abuse and the responses to it. For instance, there is an ongoing multistakeholder debate over where to draw the line between technical abuse and content abuse. Moreover, there are technical limits on what each type of stakeholder can do to stop abuse.

Social Scientists

Criminologists feel the capacity to regulate DNS abuse is very limited because:

1. no single global entity is responsible for the regulation of all its aspects;
2. the Multistakeholder Model of governance and the distributed administration model allows disagreements and discrepancies;
3. much of what happens on the Internet is beyond the jurisdictional reach of the criminal law of individual nations; and
4. regulation will continue to be reserved for the most egregious infringements.

Regulation will remain limited until a uniform set of policies to prevent abuse before it happens is enacted.

Intergovernmental Organizations

IGO responses generally treat DNS Abuse as a facet of Cybercrime.

Objectives

Pro-Mitigation

• E-Commerce Directive
• The Digital Services Act (DSA)
• the Digital Markets Act
• Budapest Convention

EC DNS Abuse Study Recommendations

The EC conducted a study on DNS abuse, which generated the following recommendations for all actors in the DNS ecosystem.

A. Better DNS Metadata for identifying resources and their attribution to intermediaries	B. Contact Information and Abuse Reporting	C. Improved Prevention, Detection, and Mitigation of DNS Abuse via maliciously registered domain names	D. Improved Detection and Mitigation of (compromised) domain names distributing malicious content	E. Better Protection of the DNS Operation and Preventing Abuse of the DNS	F. DNS Abuse Awareness, Knowledge Building, and Mitigation Collaboration
1. ccTLDs registries should provide a scalable, unified way of accessing complete registration data in compliance with data protection laws, using RDAP	3. Registrants' and domain name administrators' email addresses that are not visible in the public WHOIS should be displayed as anonymized email addresses	8. TLD registries, registrars, and resellers should verify domain registration data accuracy; implement harmonized Know Your Business Customer procedures or eID authentication in accordance with the eIDAS Regulation, using cross-checks in other publicly available and reputed databases	15. the abuse rates of hosting providers should always be monitored by independent researchers with institutions and regulatory bodies; abuse rates should not exceed predetermined thresholds; incentive structures should be studied to induce hosting providers	17. ccTLDs should be required to sign TLD zone files with DNSSEC and facilitate its deployment according to good practices	24. EU ccTLDs should harmonize practices and adopt good practices
2. ccTLDs registries should publish DNS zone file data through DNS zone transfer or a system similar to the Centralized Zone Data Service	4. domain name administrators should maintain RFC 2142 specific email aliases for domain names (e.g., abuse, hostmaster, webmaster) and an email in the DNS SOA record	9. registries should develop/improve search tools or surveillance services to enable third parties to identify names that could potentially infringe their rights	16. operators of free services should employ advanced prevention and remediation solutions to curb abuses of subdomain names and hosting infrastructure; should proactively detect suspicious domain names containing keywords of the most frequently targeted brands and names; and work with heavily attacked companies and develop Trusted Notifier programs	18. registrants should have easy access to DNSSEC signing within the TLD; registries should require their registrars to support DNSSEC signing for registrants	25. DNS service providers should collaborate with EU and Member States’ institutions, law enforcement authorities, and Trusted Notifiers or trusted flaggers; formalize informal collaborations
	5. A standardized (and potentially centralized) system for access to registration data (WHOIS data) should be set up, identifying the minimum information necessary to process disclosure requests. The reaction time to such requests shall be clearly defined	10. registries should offer, directly or through the registrars/resellers, services allowing intellectual property rights holders to block infringing domain name registrations		19. registries could offer discounts for DNSSEC-signed domain names	26. consumers and IPR holders should be made aware of measures to tackle DNS abuse.
	6. The study also recommends setting up a standardized (and potentially centralized) system for abuse reporting, identifying the minimum information necessary to process such reports. The receipt of abuse reports is to be acknowledged. The reaction time to such reports shall be clearly defined and the abuse reporter should be provided with information on the actions taken. The DNS service providers shall provide for an appeal proceeding against their decisions to a third neutral party	11. registries and registrars should use predictive algorithms to prevent abusive registrations		20. Internet Service Providers operating DNS resolvers should configure DNSSEC validation to protect end users from cache poisoning attacks	27. all intermediaries and stakeholders should share knowledge and do capacity building in the fight against DNS abuse
	7. We encourage the exchange of information on threats between parties involved (e.g., CERTs, security organizations) using collaborative platforms such as Malware Information Sharing Platform (MISP) to report and mitigate abuse in a more effective and timely way.	12. Registries' and registrars' abuse rates should always be monitored by independent researchers with institutions and regulatory bodies; their abuse rates should not exceed predetermined thresholds; if they exceed the thresholds and do not improve, accreditation could be revoked		21. National CERT teams should subscribe to data sources that identify open DNS resolvers; should intensify notification efforts to reduce the number of open DNS resolvers, the root cause of distributed reflective (DR)DoS Attacks
		13. registries and registrars with lower abuse rates could be financially rewarded, through a reduction in domain registration fees		22. The Cybersecurity community should continuously measure the adoption of SPF and DMARC protocols, especially for high-risk domain names; raise awareness of domain spoofing among domain owners and email service providers; and correct and toughen SPF and DMARC rules to mitigate email spoofing/Business Email Compromise scams
		14. registries should maintain access to RBLs, identify their registrars with the highest and lowest concentrations and rates of DNS abuse, propose incentive structures to encourage their registrars to prevent and mitigate malicious registrations		23. Network operators should deploy IP Source Address Validation for all traffic at the edge of a network to protect closed DNS resolvers from different external attacks against DNS infrastructure, including possible zero-day vulnerabilities within the DNS server software

Pro-privacy

• Pro-privacy legislation, such as the GDPR and the CCPA, limits access to natural persons' data.

Government Responses

Government responses tend to focus on what can be adjudicated; include content abuse, such as child pornography; and outline how and when electronic evidence can be collected.

Domestic Legislation

U.S. Federal

American cybersecurity legislation thus far has focused on standardizing and formalizing preventative measures. Congress passed

• FISMA
• The Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 (CEA)
• The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act of 2018

State

• Statewide Cybersecurity Legislation

CISA

The CISA seeks to prevent future cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. Its CDM Program is a dynamic approach to fortifying the cybersecurity of civilian government networks and systems. Its Stop Ransomware Website is a one-stop shop for preparing for ransomware attacks among other forms of malware.

FBI

The FBI leads the National Cyber Investigative Joint Task Force (NCIJTF) and runs the public-facing Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) to collect cybercrime and electronic evidence of other types of crimes.

DOD

• [Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification

NIST

• Applied Cybersecurity Division

NCCoE

NICE

• SP 800 Series
• Cybersecurity Framework

Responding to State-Sponsored Cyberattacks

Sanctions/Condemnations

• SolarWinds Hacking Attack: In an executive order issued April 15, 2021, President Biden levied economic sanctions against Russian financial institutions, technology companies, and individuals that participated in this series of hacks that infiltrated nine federal agencies and over 100 private companies.
• Microsoft Email Systems Hacking Attack: On July 19, 2021, the Biden administration formally condemned but did not inflict sanctions against the Chinese government for working with hackers to breaching Microsoft email systems.

Technical Community

• IETF Security Area
• DNSSEC

Internet Governance Organizations

ICANN

ICANN has been steadfast in its focus on technical DNS abuse, what it calls "DNS security threats," and avoidance of policymaking around content abuse. ICANN has two missions related to DNS Abuse: maintaining the SSR of the DNS and engendering trust in the domain name industry. ICANN's determination of the org's definition for DNS Abuse is based on the work product of GAC and the base gTLD Registry Agreement. Thus, ICANN considers DNS security threats to be limited to attacks involving phishing, malware, botnet command and control, pharming, and spam as a vector. As recently as ICANN 71, the ICANN board was criticized by members of the ALAC, the BC, and other Internet Governance bodies for not doing enough to steward contracted parties and non-contracted parties toward involvement in reducing abuse. However, ICANN and SSAC, in particular, have begun pointing to SAC115 and DAAR as evidence of their work on addressing DNS abuse. Parts of ICANN Organization, Board, and Community that are dedicated to resolving DNS Abuse issues:

• GDD Accounts and Services and OCTO have come to an agreement with RySG to change the Base gTLD Registry Agreement to enable ICANN org to use existing data provided by registries for research purposes such as DAAR.
• OCTO monitors gTLD zone files and runs
• SSAC advises on the stability and security of the DNS, and
• Contractual Compliance is not beholden to the DNS Abuse Framework; instead, the office can reprimand registrars or registries that do not maintain abuse contacts (or a webform) to receive abuse complaints or promptly investigate allegations of DNS Abuse in good faith.
• DAAR
• Domain Name Security Threat Information Collection and Reporting Project (DNSTICR)
  
• ICANN Organization has developed an internal DNS Security Threat Mitigation Program, which seeks to realize ICANN organization-wide coordination & collaboration on DNS abuse responses and, thus, acts as a hub for DAAR and DNSTICR, Compliance Audits and Abuse Complaints, Working with Contracted Parties, and Leading Educational Outreach.
• The CPH has developed a Trusted Notifier Framework
  • The RrSG offers guidance on Appeal Mechanisms for DNS Abuse Mitigation, managing BEC Scams, Registrar Abuse Reporting, and Minimum requirements for WHOIS data requests.
• The BC is limited to removing content and sharing evidence with registries to suspend or take down sites.
• The ISPCP
• The ALAC
• The GAC wants to help law enforcement and regulatory bodies gain access to the contact information of victims as well as bad actors
  • The [[PSWG] (within GAC) developed the Framework on DGAs Associated with Malware and Botnets in collaboration with the RySG
• The ccNSO has begun exploring its role in mitigating DNS Abuse, as it has limited remit but many attacks happen via ccTLDs
• The IPC is concerned with the year-on-year growth of online fraud recently due in large part to the Covid pandemic and with trust in the Internet

DNS Abuse Institute

Currently, this newcomer is entirely focused on creating an interoperable framework to reduce DNS abuse. The DNSAI acknowledges there are two options for reducing security threats: proactive and reactive methods. The institute is currently putting more of its energy into developing reactive tools because they can be used by anti-abuse or compliance personnel without requiring integration in registration platforms and thus, broad buy-in should be easier to secure.

Private Sector

Cybersecurity Providers

The cybersecurity industry is booming and is trying various approaches to protect networks and supply chains from data breaches and ransomware attacks. For instance, Prevailion's strategy is to hack the hackers, while McAfee remains the revenue leader by continuing to churn out cybersecurity software.

Registries and Registars

European ccTLD Registries

Sebastian Felix Schwemer's 2020 analysis of 30 European ccTLD terms of services (ToS) showed several responses to use/content-related domain name abuse, including no related reservations, reactions to severe cases, and proactive screening. Some ToSes do not contractually reserve to take down a domain name due to use or content, while others do reserve the right to take down a domain name but only in severe situations. Others have established "takedown regimes" akin to that of site operators, hosting providers, and registrants (per Article 14 of the E-Commerce Directive. EURid, .be, and SIDN have begun to screen abusive use by crawling content, using fuzzy hashes, or HTML structural similarity analysis; they are also working on early warning systems. Schwemer found that only 1/3 of ccTLD ToSes contained content/use provisions and that the discretion for registrars to take down domain names via a morality clause was higher than it was for ccTLD registries. This analysis also revealed the emergence of ccTLD registries' use of data validation in a new way. Registries have noticed a correlation between domain names engaging in unlawful activities and the provision of poor registration data. Because ToSes can reserve the right to terminate registrations based on wrong or inaccurate information, some ccTLD registries are using this term as a workaround.

DNS Abuse Framework

This framework was developed by registries and registrars. The framework discourages a registry or registrar from taking action against domains, except in certain types of Website Content Abuse:

1. child sexual abuse materials,
2. illegal distribution of opioids online,
3. human trafficking, or
4. specific, credible incitements to violence

• Registrars and registry operators can

1. include their own acceptable use policies or terms of use to set forth provisions to cover Website Content Abuses,
2. contract Trusted Notifiers to monitor content and report abuse

• Registry Operators

1. Have to determine whether the domain in question was maliciously registered or if the domain has been compromised. Registries cannot generally directly remediate a compromised domain; instead, it is up to the sponsoring registrar. Conversely, if a domain has been maliciously registered, the registry has six options:
2. Suspend the domain (most common)
3. Refer to the sponsoring registrar
4. Lock the domain
5. Redirect a domain by changing the name servers
6. Transfer the domain
7. Delete the domain (generally considered an ineffective and extreme response)

If a registry encounters unregistered domain names resulting from an automatic Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA), the operator can:

1. Reserve the domains or
2. create the domains in order to suspend or sinkhole the domains for victim identification

Reputation Industry

Commercial service providers, researchers, and non-profit organizations operate the most prominent RBLs that detect or receive notifications of security threats. Some key players include:

• Spamhaus,
• Cisco’s Talos email reputation system,
• the Anti-Phishing Working Group's RBL,
• Google Safe Browsing,
• SURBL, and
• ThreatStop.

End Users

End users, even those who work in the DNS industry, need help managing DNS Abuse mainly because of the timeless effectiveness of Social Engineering Attacks. For instance, at the end of 2020, GoDaddy notoriously tested its workers to see if they would share sensitive information after clicking on dubious links from a spoofed email.

Top-Level Domain

Request For Comments

Governmental Advisory Committee. Considers and provides advice on the activities of ICANN as they relate to concerns of governments, particularly matters where there may be an interaction between ICANN's policies and various laws and international agreements or where they may affect public policy issues (ICANN Bylaws).

Domain Abuse Activity Reporting

Internet Governance Forum

Country code top-level domain