Country code top-level domain: Difference between revisions
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A '''Country Code Top-Level Domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is a two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref> | |||
==Implementation== | ==Implementation== | ||
The implementation of | The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]], which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of [[ICANN]].<ref>[https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/january-2022/what-are-country-code-top-level-domains-and-why-do-they-matter Who created ccTLDs?]</ref> The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt RFC 1591]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. Briefly, "our policy is to create new country-code top-level domains when the country or territory is listed on the ISO 3166-1 standard." | ||
More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref> | |||
===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs=== | |||
Within its database, IANA maintains authoritative information related to ccTLDs. This includes sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration [[URL]]s and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the IANA's procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database. | |||
Within its database, IANA | |||
==Delegation and Redelegation== | ==Delegation and Redelegation== | ||
Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, | The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as ''redelegation''. The redelegation process follows the provisions of [https://archive.icann.org/en/policies/icp-1-archived.htm ICP-1] and RFC 1591. IANA receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by IANA based on various technical and public criterion. The request, accompanied by the IANA analysis, is finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref> | ||
There is a set of steps | |||
Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple. However, they can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed, based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information, to prove that the eligibility criteria have been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to analyze the request received.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref> | |||
==ccTLDs and ICANN== | ==ccTLDs and ICANN== | ||
The policies developed by ICANN are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of ICANN is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet, with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the ICANN process. These organizations are committed to the ICANN policies that result from their work. | |||
In 2000, ICANN started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. The relationships between ICANN and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Complexities arise due to various circumstances, including the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en White Paper, 2/25/2012, ICANN Resources]</ref> | |||
In 2009, ICANN began the implementation of an [[IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process]],<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref> | |||
==Pseudo-ccTLD== | |||
A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation. | |||
==Open ccTLDs== | |||
''Related Article - [[Open Use ccTLD]]''<br> | |||
An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref> | |||
==Current ccTLDs== | |||
The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their [[registry]] operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet to-level domains]</ref> | |||
<table border="1" style="border-style: solid; border-color: darkgray; border-collapse: collapse" width="63%" cellpadding="6" width="900px"><tr><td>'''ccTLD'''</td><td>'''Entity'''</td><td>'''Registry Operator'''</td><td width="150px">'''Notes'''</td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ac]]</td><td>Ascension Island</td><td>[[NIC.ac|NIC.AC]]</td><td></td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ad]]</td><td>Andorra</td><td>[[Andorra Telecom]]</td><td></td></tr> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ae]]</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>[[Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority |Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority (TDRA)]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.af]]</td><td>Afghanistan</td><td>[[AfgNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ag]]</td><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>[[Nic AG]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ai]]</td><td>Anguilla</td><td>[[Government of Anguilla]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.al]]</td><td>Albania</td><td>Albania Electronic and Postal Communications Authority ([[AKEP]])</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.am]]</td><td>Armenia</td><td>[[ISOC.AM]] (Internet Society NGO, based in Armenia 1994, 4 August)</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.an]]</td><td>Antilles (Netherlands)</td><td>[[University of the Netherlands Antilles]]</td><td>Being phased out</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ao]]</td><td>Angola</td><td>[[Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Agostinho Neto]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.aq]]</td><td>Antarctica</td><td>[[Mott and Associates]]</td><td>Available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, and other registrants with a local physical presence.</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ar]]</td><td>Argentina</td><td>[[NIC Argentina]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.as]]</td><td>American Samoa</td><td>[[AS Domain Registry]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.at]]</td><td>Austria</td><td>[[Nic.at]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands Landskapsregeringen]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraNS]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS Belgium]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCEP]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bi]]</td><td>Burundi</td><td>[[Burundi National Center of Information Technology]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bj]]</td><td>Benin</td><td>[[Offices des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bl]]</td><td>Saint Barthelemy</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in [[Root Zone|root zone]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bm]]</td><td>Bermuda</td><td>[[Registry General Ministry of Labour and Immigration]]</td><td>Local corporate registration required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bn]]</td><td>Brunei Darussalam</td><td>[[Jabatan Telekom Brunei]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bo]]</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>[[Agencia para el Desarrollo de la Información de la Sociedad en Bolivia]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bq]]</td><td>Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.br]]</td><td>Brazil</td><td>[[NIC.br]]</td><td>Top level registration is restricted, registration at [[SLD|second level]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bs]]</td><td>Bahamas</td><td>[[The College of the Bahamas]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bt]]</td><td>Bhutan</td><td>[[Ministry of Information and Communications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bv]]</td><td>Bouvet Island</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Not in use</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bw]]</td><td>Botswana</td><td>[[Botswana Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.by]]</td><td>Belarus</td><td>[[Open Contact Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.bz]]</td><td>Belize</td><td>[[University of Belize]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ca]]</td><td>Canada</td><td>[[CIRA]]</td><td>Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cc]]</td><td>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</td><td>[[eNIC Cocos Islands Pty. Ltd.]]</td><td>Second level domains used in free, public domain service</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cd]]</td><td>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[[CDNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cf]]</td><td>Central African Republic</td><td>[[Dot CF]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cg]]</td><td>Republic of Congo</td><td>[[ONPT Congo]] and [[Interpoint Switzerland]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ch]]</td><td>Switzerland</td><td>[[SWITCH]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ci]]</td><td>Cote d'Ivoire</td><td>[[INP-HB]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ck]]</td><td>Cook Islands</td><td>[[Telecom Cook Islands Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cl]]</td><td>Chile</td><td>[[NIC Chile]]</td><td>Local presence required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cm]]</td><td>Cameroon</td><td>[[CAMTEL]]</td><td>Restricted to local entities/companies</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cn]]</td><td>China</td><td>[[CNNIC]]</td><td>Registration allowed worldwide</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.co]]</td><td>Colombia</td><td>[[.co Internet]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cr]]</td><td>Costa Rica</td><td>[[Academia Nacional de Ciencias]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cu]]</td><td>Cuba</td><td>[[CENIA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cv]]</td><td>Cape Verde</td><td>[[ANAC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cw]]</td><td>Curaçao</td><td>[[University of the Netherlands Antilles]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cx]]</td><td>Christmas Island</td><td>[[Christmas Island Internet Administration Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cy]]</td><td>Cyprus</td><td>[[University of Cyprus]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.cz]]</td><td>Czech Republic</td><td>[[CZ.NIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.de]]</td><td>Germany</td><td>[[DENIC]]</td><td>German postal address required for administrative contact</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.dj]]</td><td>Djibouti</td><td>[[Djibouti Telecom SA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.dk]]</td><td>Denmark</td><td>[[DK Hostmaster]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.dm]]</td><td>Dominica</td><td>[[DotDM Corporation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[NIC.dz]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[https://nic.ec ECUADORDOMAIN S.A.]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[Estonian Internet Foundation]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.eh]]</td><td>Western Sahara</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.er]]</td><td>Eritrea</td><td>[[EriTel]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.es]]</td><td>Spain</td><td>[[RED.ES]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>Registration is available to everyone all around the world</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fm]]</td><td>Federated States of Micronesia</td><td>[[FSM Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fo]]</td><td>Faroe Islands</td><td>[[FO Council]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.fr]]</td><td>France</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td>French presence required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ga]]</td><td>Gabon</td><td>[[Gabon Telecom]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gb]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>Unassigned, reserved domain</td><td>Originally meant to replace [[.uk]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gd]]</td><td>Grenada</td><td>[[NTRC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ge]]</td><td>Georgia</td><td>[[Caucasus Online]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gf]]</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>[[Net Plus]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gg]]</td><td>Guernsey</td><td>[[Island Networks]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gh]]</td><td>Ghana</td><td>[[Network Computer Systems]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gi]]</td><td>Gibraltar</td><td>[[Sapphire Networks]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gl]]</td><td>Greenland</td><td>[[TELE Greenland AS]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gm]]</td><td>Gambia</td><td>[[GM-NIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gn]]</td><td>Guinea</td><td>[[Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gp]]</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>[[Networking Technologies Group]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gq]]</td><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>[[GETESA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gr]]</td><td>Greece</td><td>[[GR-Hostmaster]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gs]]</td><td>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</td><td>[[GSGSSI]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gt]]</td><td>Guatemala</td><td>[[Universidad del Valle de Guatemala]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gu]]</td><td>Guam</td><td>[[University of Guam Computer Center]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gw]]</td><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>[[ARN]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.gy]]</td><td>Guyana</td><td>[[University of Guyana]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.hk]]</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td>[[HKIRC|Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.hm]]</td><td>Heard Island and McDonald Islands</td><td>[[HM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.hn]]</td><td>Honduras</td><td>[[Red de Desarrollo Sostenible Honduras]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.hr]]</td><td>Croatia</td><td>[[CARNet]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ht]]</td><td>Haiti</td><td>[[Consortium FDS/RDDH]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.hu]]</td><td>Hungary</td><td>[[CHIP]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.id]]</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>[[IDNIC]]-[[PPAU Mikroelektronika]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ie]]</td><td>Ireland</td><td>[[IEDR|IE Domain Registry Limited]]</td><td>Limited to Irish citizens, Ireland-registered brands and companies, and companies doing business in Ireland</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.il]]</td><td>Israel</td><td>[[ISOC-IL]] (Israeli Branch of [[ISOC]])</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.im]]</td><td>Isle of Man</td><td>[[Isle of Man Government]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.in]]</td><td>India</td><td>[[NIXI]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.io]]</td><td>British Indian Ocean Territory</td><td>[[IO Top Level Domain Registry Cable and Wireless]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.iq]]</td><td>Iraq</td><td>[[CMC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ir]]</td><td>Islamic Republic of Iran</td><td>[[IRNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.is]]</td><td>Iceland</td><td>[[ISNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.it]]</td><td>Italy</td><td>[[IIT - CNR]]</td><td>Restricted to companies and individuals within the EU</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.je]]</td><td>Jersey</td><td>[[Island Networks]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.jm]]</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>[[University of West Indies]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.jo]]</td><td>Jordan</td><td>[[NITC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.jp]]</td><td>Japan</td><td>[[Japan Registry Services]]</td><td>Physical address within Japan required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ke]]</td><td>Kenya</td><td>[[KENIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kg]]</td><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>[[AsiaInfo Telecommunications Enterprise]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kh]]</td><td>Cambodia</td><td>[[Cambodia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ki]]</td><td>Kiribati</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.km]]</td><td>Comoros</td><td>[[Comores Telecom]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kr]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.kz]]</td><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>[[Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.la]]</td><td>Laos</td><td>[[LANIC]]</td><td>Currently marketed as an unofficial domain for Los Angeles</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lb]]</td><td>Lebanon</td><td>[https://www.isoc.org.lb/ Internet Society Lebanon (ISOC-LB)] </td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lc]]</td><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>[[University of Puerto Rico]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.li]]</td><td>Liechtenstein</td><td>[[Universitaet Liechtenstein]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lk]]</td><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>[[Council for Information Technology]] and [[LK Domain Registrar]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lr]]</td><td>Liberia</td><td>[[Data Technology Solutions, Inc.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ls]]</td><td>Lesotho</td><td>[[National University of Lesotho]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lt]]</td><td>Lithuania</td><td>[[Domreg]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lu]]</td><td>Luxembourg</td><td>[[RESTENA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.lv]]</td><td>Latvia</td><td>[[NIC.LV]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ly]]</td><td>Libya</td><td>[[General Post and Telecommunications Company]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ma]]</td><td>Morocco</td><td>[[ANRT]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mc]]</td><td>Monaco</td><td>[[Gouvernement de Monaco Direction des Communications Electroniques]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.md]]</td><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>[[MoldData]]</td><td>Marketed to medical professionals worldwide</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.me]]</td><td>Montenegro</td><td>[[doMEn]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mf]]</td><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mg]]</td><td>Madagascar</td><td>[[NIC-MG]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mh]]</td><td>Marshall Islands</td><td>[[Cabinet Office]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mk]]</td><td>Macedonia</td><td>[[Ministry of Foreign Relations]]</td><td>Restricted to companies within Macedonia</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ml]]</td><td>Mali</td><td>[[Sotelma]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mm]]</td><td>Myanmar</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications, Posts & Telegraphs]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mn]]</td><td>Mongolia</td><td>[[Datacom Co., Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mo]]</td><td>Macao</td><td>[[University of Macau]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mp]]</td><td>Northern Mariana Islands</td><td>[[Saipan Datacom]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mq]]</td><td>Martinique</td><td>[[SYSTEL]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mr]]</td><td>Mauritania</td><td>[[University of Nouakchott]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ms]]</td><td>Montserrat</td><td>[[MNI Networks Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mt]]</td><td>Malta</td><td>[[NIC Malta]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mu]]</td><td>Mauritius</td><td>[[Mauritius Network Information Centre]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mv]]</td><td>Maldives</td><td>[[DHIVEHINET]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mw]]</td><td>Malawi</td><td>[[Malawi SDNP]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mx]]</td><td>Mexico</td><td>[[NIC Mexico]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.my]]</td><td>Malaysia</td><td>[[MYNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to individuals and companies within Malaysia</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.mz]]</td><td>Mozambique</td><td>[[Centro de Informatica de Universidade Eduardo Mondlane]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.na]]</td><td>Namibia</td><td>[[Namibian Network Information Centre]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nc]]</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td>[[Office des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ne]]</td><td>Niger</td><td>[[SONITEL]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nf]]</td><td>Norfolk Island</td><td>[[Norfolk Island Data Services]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ng]]</td><td>Nigeria</td><td>[[NiRA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ni]]</td><td>Nicaragua</td><td>[[Universidad Nacional del Ingernieria Centro de Computo]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nl]]</td><td>Netherlands</td><td>[[SIDN|Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN)]]</td><td>Was the first official ccTLD to be assigned</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.no]]</td><td>Norway</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Restricted to companies in Norway. Individuals may register under the [[SLD]] .priv.no.</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.np]]</td><td>Nepal</td><td>[[Mercantile Communications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nr]]</td><td>Nauru</td><td>[[CENPAC NET]]</td><td>Second level domain .co.nr is used as a free domain service</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nu]]</td><td>Niue</td><td>[[Internetstiftelsen i Sverige]]</td><td>Unofficially used as "new" for English language websites and "now" for Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites.</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.nz]]</td><td>New Zealand</td><td>[[InternetNZ]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.om]]</td><td>Oman</td><td>[[TRA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pa]]</td><td>Panama</td><td>[[Universidad Tecnologica de Panama]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pe]]</td><td>Peru</td><td>[[Red Cientifica Peruana]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pf]]</td><td>French Polynesia</td><td>[[Ministère des Postes et Télécommunications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pg]]</td><td>Papua New Guinea</td><td>[[PNG DNS Administration]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ph]]</td><td>Philippines</td><td>[[PH Domain Foundation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pk]]</td><td>Pakistan</td><td>[[PKNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pl]]</td><td>Poland</td><td>[[NASK]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory Inc|Gauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[PNINA|Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[DNS.PT]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.pw]]</td><td>Palau</td><td>[[Micronesia Investment and Development Corporation]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.py]]</td><td>Paraguay</td><td>[[NIC-PY]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.qa]]</td><td>Qatar</td><td>[[ictQATAR]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.re]]</td><td>Reunion</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to brand owners in Reunion and to companies with an address in Reunion.</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ro]]</td><td>Romania</td><td>[[RNC|Romanian Research Network]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.rs]]</td><td>Serbia</td><td>[[RNIDS|Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names]] (RNIDS)</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ru]]</td><td>Russia</td><td>[[Coordination Center for TLD RU]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.rw]]</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>[[NIC Congo]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sa]]</td><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>[[Communications and Information Technology]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sb]]</td><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>[[Solomon Telekom Company]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sc]]</td><td>Seychelles</td><td>[[VCS]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sd]]</td><td>Sudan</td><td>[[Sudan Internet Society]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.se]]</td><td>Sweden</td><td>[[Internetstiftelsen i Sverige]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sg]]</td><td>Singapore</td><td>[[SGNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sh]]</td><td>Saint Helena</td><td>[[Government of St. Helena]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.si]]</td><td>Slovenia</td><td>[[ARNES]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sj]]</td><td>Svalbard and Jan Mayen</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Not in use</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sk]]</td><td>Slovakia</td><td>[[SK-NIC]]</td><td>Restricted to Slovakian companies, organizations, and citizens</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sl]]</td><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>[[Sierratel]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sm]]</td><td>San Marino</td><td>[[Telecom Italia San Marino]]</td><td>Domain name must be same as company name or trademark</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sn]]</td><td>Senegal</td><td>[[Universite Cheikh Anta Diop]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.so]]</td><td>Somalia</td><td>[[SONIC]]</td><td>Relaunched on Novemner 1, 2010</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sr]]</td><td>Suriname</td><td>[[Telesur]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ss]]</td><td>South Sudan</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.st]]</td><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>[[Tecnisys]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.su]]</td><td>Soviet Union</td><td>[[ROSNIIROS]]</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.ru]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sv]]</td><td>El Salvador</td><td>[[SVNet]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sx]]</td><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>[[SX Registry]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sy]]</td><td>Syria</td><td>[[NANS]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.sz]]</td><td>Swaziland</td><td>[[SISPA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tc]]</td><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>[[MelrexTC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.td]]</td><td>Chad</td><td>[[Sotel Tchad]]</td><td>Restricted to entities connected with Chad</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tf]]</td><td>French Southern Territories</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tg]]</td><td>Togo</td><td>[[C.A.F.E. Informatique et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.th]]</td><td>Thailand</td><td>[[THNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tj]]</td><td>Tajikistan</td><td>[[Information Technology Center]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tk]]</td><td>Tokelau</td><td>[[Teletok]]</td><td>Used as a free public domain service</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tl]]</td><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>[[Ministry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division]]</td><td> Old code, [[.tp]], still also in use</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tm]]</td><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>[[TM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tn]]</td><td>Tunisia</td><td>[[Tunisia Telecommunications Agency ATI]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.to]]</td><td>Tonga</td><td>[[Government of the Kingdom of Tonga]]</td><td>Unofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tp]]</td><td>Portuguese Timor</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.tl]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tr]]</td><td>Turkey</td><td>[[NIC.TR]]</td><td>.nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tt]]</td><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>[[University of the West Indies Faculty of Engineering]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tv]]</td><td>Tuvalu</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance and Tourism]]</td><td>Used as a abbreviation for television</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tw]]</td><td>Taiwan</td><td>[[TWNIC]]</td><td>Registration allowed worldwide</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.tz]]</td><td>Tanzania</td><td>[[TzNIC]]</td><td>Presence within Tanzania required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ua]]</td><td>Ukraine</td><td>[[Hostmaster LTD]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ug]]</td><td>Uganda</td><td>[[Charles Musisi]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.uk]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>[[Nominet]]</td><td>UK service address required</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.um]]</td><td>United States Minor Outlying Islands</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.us]]</td><td>United States</td><td>[[NeuStar]]</td><td>Commonly used by US state and local governments instead of [[.gov]]</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.uy]]</td><td>Uruguay</td><td>[[SeCIU]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.uz]]</td><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>[[UZINFOCOM]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.va]]</td><td>Vatican City</td><td>[[Internet Office of the Holy See]]</td><td>Limited to officials sites of the Vatican/Holy See</td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.vc]]</td><td>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</td><td>[[Ministry of Telecommunications, Science, Technology and Industry]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ve]]</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>[[CONATEL]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[VNNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.ws]]</td><td>Samoa</td><td>[[Government of Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.yt]]</td><td>Mayote</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.za]]</td><td>South Africa</td><td>[[ZADNA]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.zm]]</td><td>Zambia</td><td>[[ZAMNET]]</td><td></td> | |||
<tr><td>[[.zw]]</td><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>[[ZISPA]]</td><td></td> | |||
</table> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> | ||
{{reflist}}</div> | |||
[[Category:TLD]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:40, 20 November 2024
This article needs attention. Please help improve it by revising the article in accordance with ICANNWiki's content guidelines. In particular, ensure a neutral point of view and proper sourcing of information.
A Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) is a two-letter Internet top-level domains (TLDs) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes.[1]
Implementation[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
The implementation of ccTLDs was started by IANA, which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of ICANN.[2] The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within RFC 1591. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. Briefly, "our policy is to create new country-code top-level domains when the country or territory is listed on the ISO 3166-1 standard."
More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs. [3]
IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Within its database, IANA maintains authoritative information related to ccTLDs. This includes sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration URLs and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the IANA's procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.
Delegation and Redelegation[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as redelegation. The redelegation process follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. IANA receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by IANA based on various technical and public criterion. The request, accompanied by the IANA analysis, is finally sent to the ICANN Board of Directors for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.[4]
Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple. However, they can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed, based on The Change Request Template and supplementary information, to prove that the eligibility criteria have been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to analyze the request received.[4]
ccTLDs and ICANN[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
The policies developed by ICANN are implemented by gTLD registry operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of ICANN is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet, with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the ICANN process. These organizations are committed to the ICANN policies that result from their work.
In 2000, ICANN started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. The relationships between ICANN and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Complexities arise due to various circumstances, including the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government White Paper).[5]
In 2009, ICANN began the implementation of an IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process,[6] whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.[7] More than half have already been approved.[8]
Pseudo-ccTLD[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.
Open ccTLDs[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Related Article - Open Use ccTLD
An open ccTLD refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include .cc (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, .tv (Tuvalu) for television, .ws (Western Samoa) for websites, and .co (Colombia) as an alternative to .com for companies.[9]
Current ccTLDs[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their registry operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.[10][11]