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The '''Country Code Top-Level Domains''' ('''ccTLDs''') represent two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designed for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are two-letter top-level domains which are derived from the [[ISO 3166]] standard.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>
{{Template:Articles needing attention}}
 
A '''Country Code Top-Level Domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is a two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>


==Implementation==
==Implementation==
The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]]. The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [[RFC 1951]]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of [[ISO 3166]] - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs in comprised within [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>
The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]], which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of [[ICANN]].<ref>[https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/january-2022/what-are-country-code-top-level-domains-and-why-do-they-matter Who created ccTLDs?]</ref> The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt RFC 1591]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. Briefly, "our policy is to create new country-code top-level domains when the country or territory is listed on the ISO 3166-1 standard."


==IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs==
More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>
Within its database, [[IANA]] contains authoritative information related to ccTLDs, referring to sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration [[URL]]s and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the [[IANA]]'s procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.
 
===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs===
 
Within its database, IANA maintains authoritative information related to ccTLDs.  This includes sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration [[URL]]s and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the IANA's procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.


==Delegation and Redelegation==
==Delegation and Redelegation==
The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is know as ''redelegation''. The process follows the provisions of [[ICP-1]] and [[RFC 1591]]. [[IANA]] receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by [[IANA]] based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, [[IANA]] is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>


Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, but can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps which must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information to prove that the eligibility criteria has been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by the [[IANA]] to fortify the request received.
The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as ''redelegation''.  The redelegation process follows the provisions of [https://archive.icann.org/en/policies/icp-1-archived.htm ICP-1] and RFC 1591. IANA receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by IANA based on various technical and public criterion.  The request, accompanied by the IANA analysis, is finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>
 
Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple.  However, they can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed, based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information, to prove that the eligibility criteria have been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to analyze the request received.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>


==ccTLDs and ICANN==  
==ccTLDs and ICANN==  
The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>
Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as: the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).


In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>
The policies developed by ICANN are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of ICANN is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet, with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the ICANN process. These organizations are committed to the ICANN policies that result from their work.
==Open ccTLDs==
An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs represent a particular branding, aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalus) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>


There is much interest in registering domain names using open ccTLDs, particularly .co, in order to establish or boost a brand or trademark and generate sales, as they are a great alternative to the overly populated .com namespace.  
In 2000, ICANN started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. The relationships between ICANN and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Complexities arise due to various circumstances, including the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc.  Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en White Paper, 2/25/2012, ICANN Resources]</ref>


==Open ccTLD Marketing Strategies==
In 2009, ICANN began the implementation of an [[IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process]],<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>
===.cc and .tv ccTLDs===
[[Verisign]] is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. [[Enic]], a subsidiary company of Verisign  administer the manages the operation and marketing of that .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that who want to develop website representing a Chinese company, Country club, Consulting company, Chat community, Church community, Community center, Chamber of Commerce or Community college. <ref>[http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/registry-services/cc-domain-names/index.xhtml .CC Domain Names - Unique Names for Niche Markets]</ref>


[[TodayISP.com]], one of the registrars offering .cc describe the ccTLD as a new international domain name having the same features of the [[.com]] and [[.net]], it is understood by users as an acronym for commercial company, it offers potential business value, it is becoming the latest fashion in domain names making its value increasing. </ref> <ref>[http://www.todayisp.com/domain/intro_cc.net What Is .CC Domain?]</ref>
==Pseudo-ccTLD==


On the other hand, .tv ccTLD domain names is currently operated by dotTV, another subsidiary company of Verisign. Domain names using the .tv ccTLD are registered by entities involved in the television, film animation industries as well as individuals providing video contents in their blogs or websites. They believe that a .tv domain name is effective to attract their target audience to earn more revenue. <ref>[http://watch.tv/about-tv/index.html About .tv]</ref> Internet users understand that a .tv domain name offers video contents. In 2006, Demand Media and Verisign partnered in promoting the .tv domain names as a preferred web address for media rich content. [[Richard Rosenblatt]], Chairman and CEO of Demand Media explained that the landscape of the internet media is changing so fast and many users want to publish and share their own video materials. According to Rosenblatt, "By registering a .tv domain name and adding video content of their choosing, users can program their own channel." <ref>[http://www.webhosting.info/news/1/verisign-and-demand-media--to-promote-.tv-domain-names-_1214066304.htm VeriSign and Demand Media to Promote .tv Domain Names]</ref>
A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.


===.co ccTLD===
==Open ccTLDs==
The Colombian Ministry of Information Technology and Communication assigned the management of the .co ccTLD registry to the [[.co Internet SAS]],a joint venture between [[Arcelandia SA]] and [[Neustar]], Inc. Since its launching on February 2010, the  .co ccTLD has been marketed  by Internet SAS as a "new, flexible, and safe global extension" for internet users worldwide.<ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/World-Trademark-Review-Update-.co-extension-is-launched.pdf '.co' extension is launched]</ref>


According to Juan Calle, CEO of .CO Internet SAS; the [[.co TLD]] will serve as a good alternative for users who are looking for a credible, global and recognizable domain name that is affordable and critical to achieve their online success. He explained that CO is well-known worldwide by internet users as a short term for corporation or company and the .co domain name space will provide millions of users the opportunity register their desired domain names to establish their online presence. Calle said that his company is targeting internet users around the world who has dreams, ideas or contents to share.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2010/05/16/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-co-our-exclusive-interview-with-the-ceo-juan-calle/ Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About .CO; Our Exclusive Interview With The CEO Juan Calle]</ref>
''Related Article - [[Open Use ccTLD]]''<br>
An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally  represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>  


[[.CO Internet SAS]] is promoting the .co as an easy to remember top level domain representing companies, corporations, communities, content, etc. and searchable, secure, committed, confident, flexible, networked with a growing community. <ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/domain About .co]</ref> <ref>[http://www.opportunity.co/about/#/benefits Benefits of .Co]</ref>
==Current ccTLDs==


Some companies use the .co domain space as a branded shortener such as [[Overstock.com]] (O.co), [[Twitter]] (T.co), Politico (politi.co), Venture Hacks (vh.co), [[Google]] (g.co), etc.<ref> [http://www.cointernet.co/domain/many-uses Many uses of .co]</ref> Others use it as a [[URL]] shortener, such as the x.co by [[GoDaddy]].<ref>[http://app.x.co/ URL Shortener]</ref>
The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their [[registry]] operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet to-level domains]</ref>


===.ws ccTLD===
<table border="1" style="border-style: solid; border-color: darkgray; border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="6">
The .ws ccTLD is managed and operated by SamoaNIC,<ref>[http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml samoanic.ws]</ref> and it is promoting the TLD as a [[domain hack]] wherein the .ws is supposedly stands for Web Site or World Site.<ref>[http://nuvi.be/allabouttlds All About TLD]</ref>  The marketing strategy provides users global presence. The [[Global Domains International Incorporated]], a global domain name registry that provides domain name registry and web hosting is marketing Internationalized Domain Names ([[IDN]]'s) using the .ws World Site.<ref>[http://worldsite.ws/?sponsor=idntraffic Worldsite.ws]</ref>
<tr>
 
  <td>'''ccTLD'''</td>
==Current ccTLDs==
  <td>'''Entity'''</td>
<table border="1" style="border-style: solid; border-color: darkgray; border-collapse: collapse" width="63%" cellpadding="6" width="900px"><tr><td>'''ccTLD'''</td><td>'''Entity'''</
  <td>'''Manager'''</td>
  <td>'''Registry Operator'''</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>[[.ac]]</td><td>Ascension Island</td><td></td><td>[[NIC.ac|NIC.AC]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ad]]</td><td>Andorra</td><td></td><td>[[Andorra Telecom]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ae]]</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td></td><td>[[.aeDA]]</td></tr
</table>
</table>
<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet to-level domains]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
{{reflist}}</div>


[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category:TLD]]

Latest revision as of 21:21, 22 November 2024

This article needs attention. Please help improve it by revising the article in accordance with ICANNWiki's content guidelines. In particular, ensure a neutral point of view and proper sourcing of information.

A Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) is a two-letter Internet top-level domains (TLDs) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes.[1]

Implementation[edit | edit source]

The implementation of ccTLDs was started by IANA, which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of ICANN.[2] The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within RFC 1591. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. Briefly, "our policy is to create new country-code top-level domains when the country or territory is listed on the ISO 3166-1 standard."

More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs. [3]

IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

Within its database, IANA maintains authoritative information related to ccTLDs. This includes sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration URLs and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the IANA's procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.

Delegation and Redelegation[edit | edit source]

The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as redelegation. The redelegation process follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. IANA receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by IANA based on various technical and public criterion. The request, accompanied by the IANA analysis, is finally sent to the ICANN Board of Directors for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.[4]

Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple. However, they can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed, based on The Change Request Template and supplementary information, to prove that the eligibility criteria have been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to analyze the request received.[4]

ccTLDs and ICANN[edit | edit source]

The policies developed by ICANN are implemented by gTLD registry operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of ICANN is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet, with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the ICANN process. These organizations are committed to the ICANN policies that result from their work.

In 2000, ICANN started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. The relationships between ICANN and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Complexities arise due to various circumstances, including the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government White Paper).[5]

In 2009, ICANN began the implementation of an IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process,[6] whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.[7] More than half have already been approved.[8]

Pseudo-ccTLD[edit | edit source]

A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.

Open ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

Related Article - Open Use ccTLD
An open ccTLD refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include .cc (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, .tv (Tuvalu) for television, .ws (Western Samoa) for websites, and .co (Colombia) as an alternative to .com for companies.[9]

Current ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their registry operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.[10][11]

ccTLD Entity Manager Registry Operator
.acAscension IslandNIC.AC
.adAndorraAndorra Telecom
.aeUnited Arab Emirates.aeDA
.afAfghanistanAfgNIC
.agAntigua and BarbudaNic AG
.aiAnguillaGovernment of Anguilla
.alAlbaniaAlbania Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (AKEP)
.amArmeniaISOC.AM (Internet Society NGO, based in Armenia 1994, 4 August)
.anAntilles (Netherlands)Being phased outUniversity of the Netherlands Antilles
.aoAngolaFaculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Agostinho Neto
.aqAntarcticaAvailable to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, and other registrants with a local physical presence.Mott and Associates
.arArgentinaNIC Argentina
.asAmerican SamoaAS Domain Registry
.atAustriaNic.at
.auAustraliaABN (Australian Business Number) requiredauDA
.awArubaRestricted to local companies, organizations, and citizensSETAR
.axAland IslandsÅlands Landskapsregeringen
.azAzerbaijanIntraNS
.baBosnia and HerzegovinaUTIC
.bbBarbadosGovernment of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit
.bdBangladeshMinistry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat
.beBelgiumAlso unofficially used in Berne, SwitzerlandDNS Belgium
.bfBurkina FasoARCEP
.bgBulgariaRegister.BG
.bhBahrainBATELCO
.biBurundiBurundi National Center of Information Technology
.bjBeninOffices des Postes et Telecommunications
.blSaint BarthelemyCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.bmBermudaLocal corporate registration requiredRegistry General Ministry of Labour and Immigration
.bnBrunei DarussalamJabatan Telekom Brunei
.boBoliviaAgencia para el Desarrollo de la Información de la Sociedad en Bolivia
.bqBonaire, Sint Eustatius and SabaCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.brBrazilTop level registration is restricted, registration at second levelNIC.br
.bsBahamasThe College of the Bahamas
.btBhutanMinistry of Information and Communications
.bvBouvet IslandNot in useUNINETT Norid AS
.bwBotswanaBotswana Telecommunications Corporation
.byBelarusOpen Contact Ltd.
.bzBelizeUniversity of Belize
.caCanadaSubject to Canadian Presence RequirementsCIRA
.ccCocos (Keeling) IslandsSecond level domains used in free, public domain serviceeNIC Cocos Islands Pty. Ltd.
.cdDemocratic Republic of the CongoCDNIC
.cfCentral African RepublicDot CF
.cgRepublic of CongoONPT Congo and Interpoint Switzerland
.chSwitzerlandSWITCH
.ciCote d'IvoireINP-HB
.ckCook IslandsTelecom Cook Islands Ltd.
.clChileLocal presence requiredNIC Chile
.cmCameroonRestricted to local entities/companiesCAMTEL
.cnChinaRegistration allowed worldwideCNNIC
.coColombia.co Internet
.crCosta RicaAcademia Nacional de Ciencias
.cuCubaCENIA
.cvCape VerdeANAC
.cwCuraçaoUniversity of the Netherlands Antilles
.cxChristmas IslandChristmas Island Internet Administration Ltd.
.cyCyprusUniversity of Cyprus
.czCzech RepublicCZ.NIC
.deGermanyGerman postal address required for administrative contactDENIC
.djDjiboutiDjibouti Telecom SA
.dkDenmarkDK Hostmaster
.dmDominicaDotDM Corporation
.doDominican RepublicPontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino
.dzAlgeriaNIC.dz
.ecEcuadorECUADORDOMAIN S.A.
.eeEstoniaEstonian postal address required for administrative contactEstonian Internet Foundation
.egEgyptEUN Supreme Council of Universities
.ehWestern SaharaCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.erEritreaEriTel
.esSpainRED.ES
.etEthiopiaEthiopian Telecommunications Corporation
.euEuropean UnionRestricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European UnionEURid
.fiFinlandRegistration is available to everyone all around the worldFICORA
.fjFijiThe University of the South Pacific IT Services
.fkFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Falkland Islands Government
.fmFederated States of MicronesiaFSM Telecommunications Corporation
.foFaroe IslandsFO Council
.frFranceFrench presence requiredAFNIC
.gaGabonGabon Telecom
.gbUnited KingdomOriginally meant to replace .ukUnassigned, reserved domain
.gdGrenadaNTRC
.geGeorgiaCaucasus Online
.gfFrench GuianaNet Plus
.ggGuernseyIsland Networks
.ghGhanaNetwork Computer Systems
.giGibraltarSapphire Networks
.glGreenlandTELE Greenland AS
.gmGambiaGM-NIC
.gnGuineaCentre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura
.gpGuadeloupeNetworking Technologies Group
.gqEquatorial GuineaGETESA
.grGreeceGR-Hostmaster
.gsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsGSGSSI
.gtGuatemalaUniversidad del Valle de Guatemala
.guGuamUniversity of Guam Computer Center
.gwGuinea-BissauARN
.gyGuyanaUniversity of Guyana
.hkHong KongHong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.
.hmHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHM Domain Registry
.hnHondurasRed de Desarrollo Sostenible Honduras
.hrCroatiaCARNet
.htHaitiConsortium FDS/RDDH
.huHungaryCHIP
.idIndonesiaIDNIC-PPAU Mikroelektronika
.ieIrelandLimited to Irish citizens, Ireland-registered brands and companies, and companies doing business in IrelandIE Domain Registry Limited
.ilIsraelISOC-IL (Israeli Branch of ISOC)
.imIsle of ManIsle of Man Government
.inIndiaNIXI
.ioBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryIO Top Level Domain Registry Cable and Wireless
.iqIraqCMC
.irIslamic Republic of IranIRNIC
.isIcelandISNIC
.itItalyRestricted to companies and individuals within the EUIIT - CNR
.jeJerseyIsland Networks
.jmJamaicaUniversity of West Indies
.joJordanNITC
.jpJapanPhysical address within Japan requiredJapan Registry Services
.keKenyaKENIC
.kgKyrgyzstanAsiaInfo Telecommunications Enterprise
.khCambodiaCambodia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
.kiKiribatiMinistry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development
.kmComorosComores Telecom
.knSaint Kitts and NevisMinistry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology
.kpDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaStar Joint Venture Company
.krRepublic of KoreaKISA
.kwKuwaitMinistry of Communications
.kyCayman IslandsRestricted to qualified Cayman entitiesThe Information and Communication Authority
.kzKazakhstanAssociation of IT Companies of Kazakhstan
.laLaosCurrently marketed as an unofficial domain for Los AngelesLANIC
.lbLebanonInternet Society Lebanon (ISOC-LB)
.lcSaint LuciaUniversity of Puerto Rico
.liLiechtensteinUniversitaet Liechtenstein
.lkSri LankaCouncil for Information Technology and LK Domain Registrar
.lkSri LankaCouncil for Information Technology and LK Domain Registrar
.lrLiberiaData Technology Solutions, Inc.
.lsLesothoNational University of Lesotho
.ltLithuaniaDomreg
.luLuxembourgRESTENA
.lvLatviaNIC.LV
.lyLibyaGeneral Post and Telecommunications Company
.maMoroccoANRT
.mcMonacoGouvernement de Monaco Direction des Communications Electroniques
.mdRepublic of MoldovaMarketed to medical professionals worldwideMoldData
.meMontenegrodoMEn
.mfSaint MartinCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.mgMadagascarNIC-MG
.mhMarshall IslandsCabinet Office
.mkMacedoniaRestricted to companies within MacedoniaMinistry of Foreign Relations
.mlMaliSotelma
.mmMyanmarMinistry of Communications, Posts & Telegraphs
.mnMongoliaDatacom Co., Ltd.
.moMacaoUniversity of Macau
.mpNorthern Mariana IslandsSaipan Datacom
.mqMartiniqueSYSTEL
.mrMauritaniaUniversity of Nouakchott
.msMontserratMNI Networks Ltd.
.mtMaltaNIC Malta
.muMauritiusMauritius Network Information Centre
.mvMaldivesDHIVEHINET
.mwMalawiMalawi SDNP
.mxMexicoNIC Mexico
.myMalaysiaRestricted to individuals and companies within MalaysiaMYNIC
.mzMozambiqueCentro de Informatica de Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
.naNamibiaNamibian Network Information Centre
.ncNew CaledoniaOffice des Postes et Telecommunications
.neNigerSONITEL
.nfNorfolk IslandNorfolk Island Data Services
.ngNigeriaNiRA
.niNicaraguaUniversidad Nacional del Ingernieria Centro de Computo
.nlNetherlandsWas the first official ccTLD to be assignedStichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN)
.noNorwayRestricted to companies in Norway. Individuals may register under the SLD .priv.no.UNINETT Norid AS
.npNepalMercantile Communications
.nrNauruSecond level domain .co.nr is used as a free domain serviceCENPAC NET
.nuNiueUnofficially used as "new" for English language websites and "now" for Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites.Internetstiftelsen i Sverige
.nzNew ZealandInternetNZ
.omOmanTRA
.paPanamaUniversidad Tecnologica de Panama
.pePeruRed Cientifica Peruana
.pfFrench PolynesiaMinistère des Postes et Télécommunications
.pgPapua New GuineaPNG DNS Administration
.phPhilippinesPH Domain Foundation
.pkPakistanPKNIC
.plPolandNASK
.pmSaint Pierre and MiquelonAFNIC
.pnPitcairnPitcairn Island Administration
.prPuerto RicoGauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)
.psPalestinePalestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)
.ptPortugalDNS.PT
.pwPalauMicronesia Investment and Development Corporation
.pyParaguayNIC-PY
.qaQatarictQATAR
.reReunionRestricted to brand owners in Reunion and to companies with an address in Reunion.AFNIC
.roRomaniaRomanian Research Network
.rsSerbiaSerbian National Register of Internet Domain Names (RNIDS)
.ruRussiaCoordination Center for TLD RU
.rwRwandaNIC Congo
.saSaudi ArabiaCommunications and Information Technology
.sbSolomon IslandsSolomon Telekom Company
.scSeychellesVCS
.sdSudanSudan Internet Society
.seSwedenInternetstiftelsen i Sverige
.sgSingaporeSGNIC
.shSaint HelenaGovernment of St. Helena
.siSloveniaARNES
.sjSvalbard and Jan MayenNot in useUNINETT Norid AS
.skSlovakiaRestricted to Slovakian companies, organizations, and citizensSK-NIC
.slSierra LeoneSierratel
.smSan MarinoDomain name must be same as company name or trademarkTelecom Italia San Marino
.snSenegalUniversite Cheikh Anta Diop
.soSomaliaRelaunched on November 1, 2010SONIC
.srSurinameTelesur
.ssSouth SudanCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.stSao Tome and PrincipeTecnisys
.suSoviet UnionBeing phased out in favor of .ruROSNIIROS
.svEl SalvadorSVNet
.sxSint MaartenSX Registry
.sySyriaNANS
.szSwazilandSISPA
.tcTurks and Caicos IslandsMelrexTC
.tdChadRestricted to entities connected with ChadSotel Tchad
.tfFrench Southern TerritoriesAFNIC
.tgTogoC.A.F.E. Informatique et Telecommunications
.thThailandTHNIC
.tjTajikistanInformation Technology Center
.tkTokelauUsed as a free public domain serviceTeletok
.tlTimor-LesteOld code, .tp, still also in useMinistry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division
.tmTurkmenistanTM Domain Registry
.tnTunisiaTunisia Telecommunications Agency ATI
.toTongaUnofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and TokyoGovernment of the Kingdom of Tonga
.tpPortuguese TimorBeing phased out in favor of .tlUnassigned
.trTurkey.nc.tr used by Northern CyprusNIC.TR
.ttTrinidad and TobagoUniversity of the West Indies Faculty of Engineering
.tvTuvaluUsed as an abbreviation for televisionMinistry of Finance and Tourism
.twTaiwanRegistration allowed worldwideTWNIC
.tzTanzaniaPresence within Tanzania requiredTzNIC
.uaUkraineHostmaster LTD
.ugUgandaCharles Musisi
.ukUnited KingdomUK service address requiredNominet
.umUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsCurrently not in root zoneUnassigned
.usUnited StatesCommonly used by US state and local governments instead of .govNeuStar
.uyUruguaySeCIU
.uzUzbekistanUZINFOCOM
.vaVatican CityLimited to official sites of the Vatican/Holy SeeInternet Office of the Holy See
.vcSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesMinistry of Telecommunications, Science, Technology and Industry
.veVenezuelaCONATEL
.vgBritish Virgin IslandsPinebrook Developments Ltd.
.viUS Virgin IslandsNIC.vi
.vnVietnamVNNIC
.vuVanuatuTelecom Vanuatu Ltd.
.wfWallis and FutunaAFNIC
.wsSamoaGovernment of Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs
.ytMayotteAFNIC
.zaSouth AfricaZADNA
.zmZambiaZAMNET
.zwZimbabweZISPA

References[edit | edit source]