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The '''Country Code Top-Level Domains''' ('''ccTLDs''') represent two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designed for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are two-letter top-level domains which are derived from the [[ISO 3166]] standard.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>
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A '''Country Code Top-Level Domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is a two-letter Internet top-level domains ([[TLD]]s) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2] country codes.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>


==Implementation==
==Implementation==
The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]]. The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [[RFC 1951]]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of [[ISO 3166]] - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs in comprised within [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>
The implementation of ccTLDs was started by [[IANA]] which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of [[ICANN]].<ref>[https://www.nominus.com/en/dm/blog/country-domains/january-2022/what-are-country-code-top-level-domains-and-why-do-they-matter Who created ccTLDs?]</ref> The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within [https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt RFC 1591]. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in [http://www.iana.org/procedures/cctld-establishment.html IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs]. <ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/cctld/ IANA ccTLD]</ref>


==IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs==
===IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs===
Within its database, [[IANA]] contains authoritative information related to ccTLDs, referring to sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration [[URL]]s and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the [[IANA]]'s procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.
Within its database, [[IANA]] contains authoritative information related to ccTLDs, referring to sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration [[URL]]s and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the [[IANA]]'s procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.


==Delegation and Redelegation==
==Delegation and Redelegation==
The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is know as ''redelegation''. The process follows the provisions of [[ICP-1]] and [[RFC 1591]]. [[IANA]] receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by [[IANA]] based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, [[IANA]] is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>
The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as ''redelegation''. The latter follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. [[IANA]] receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by [[IANA]] based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the [[ICANN Board|ICANN Board of Directors]] for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>


Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, but can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps which must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information to prove that the eligibility criteria has been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by the [[IANA]] to fortify the request received.
Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, but can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed based on ''The Change Request Template'' and supplementary information to prove that the eligibility criteria has been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to fortify the request received.<ref name="guide">[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/delegation-guide/ Delegation and Redelegation Guide]</ref>


==ccTLDs and ICANN==  
==ccTLDs and ICANN==  
The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/cctlds/ ICANN ccTLDs]</ref>
The policies developed by [[ICANN]] are implemented by [[gTLD]] [[registry]] operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of [[ICANN]] is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the [[ICANN]] process. These organizations are committed to the [[ICANN]] policies that result from their work.


Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as: the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).
Starting in 2000, [[ICANN]] started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between [[ICANN]] and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government [[White Paper]]).<ref>[https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en White Paper, 2/25/2012, ICANN Resources]</ref>


In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>
In 2009, [[ICANN]] began the implementation of an [[IDN]] ccTLD Fast Track Process,<ref>[http://www.idnnews.com/?p=9433 IDN News]</ref> whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/fast-track/ ICANN]</ref> More than half have already been approved.<ref>[http://www.ausregistry.com/blog/?p=342 AUSRegistry]</ref>
==Pseudo-ccTLD==
A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.
==Open ccTLDs==
==Open ccTLDs==
An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs represent a particular branding, aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalus) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>
''Related Article - [[Open Use ccTLD]]''<br>
An '''open ccTLD''' refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally  represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include [[.cc]] (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, [[.tv]] (Tuvalu) for television, [[.ws]] (Western Samoa) for websites, and [[.co]] (Colombia) as an alternative to [[.com]] for companies.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/archived_content/people/edelman/open-cctlds/ Registrations in Open ccTLDs]</ref>
 
===.cc and .tv===
[[Verisign]] is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. [[eNIC]], a subsidiary company of Verisign, manages the operation and marketing of .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that, for example, want to develop websites representing a Chinese company, country club, consulting company, chat community, church community, community center, chamber of commerce, or community college.<ref>[http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/registry-services/cc-domain-names/index.xhtml .CC Domain Names - Unique Names for Niche Markets]</ref>


There is much interest in registering domain names using open ccTLDs, particularly .co, in order to establish or boost a brand or trademark and generate sales, as they are a great alternative to the overly populated .com namespace.  
[[TodayISP.com]], one of the registrars offering .cc, describes the ccTLD as a new international domain name having the same features of the [[.com]] and [[.net]], as it is understood by users as an acronym for commercial company, it offers potential business value, and is becoming the latest fashion in domain names, making its value increase.<ref>[http://www.todayisp.com/domain/intro_cc.net What Is .CC Domain?]</ref>


==Open ccTLD Marketing Strategies==
The .tv ccTLD is currently operated by [[dotTV]], another subsidiary company of Verisign. Domain names using the .tv ccTLD are registered by entities involved in the television, film, and animation industries, as well as individuals providing video contents in their blogs or websites.<ref>[http://watch.tv/about-tv/index.html About .tv]</ref> Internet users understand that a .tv domain name offers video content. In 2006, [[Demand Media]] and Verisign partnered to promote the .tv TLD as a preferred web address for media rich content. [[Richard Rosenblatt]], Chairman and CEO of Demand Media, explained that the landscape of Internet media is changing quickly, and many users want to publish and share their own video materials. According to Rosenblatt, "By registering a .tv domain name and adding video content of their choosing, users can program their own channel."<ref>[http://www.webhosting.info/news/1/verisign-and-demand-media--to-promote-.tv-domain-names-_1214066304.htm VeriSign and Demand Media to Promote .tv Domain Names]</ref>
===.cc and .tv ccTLDs===
[[Verisign]] is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. [[Enic]], a subsidiary company of Verisign administer the manages the operation and marketing of that .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that who want to develop website representing a Chinese company, Country club, Consulting company, Chat community, Church community, Community center, Chamber of Commerce or Community college. <ref>[http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/registry-services/cc-domain-names/index.xhtml .CC Domain Names - Unique Names for Niche Markets]</ref>


[[TodayISP.com]], one of the registrars offering .cc describe the ccTLD as a new international domain name having the same features of the [[.com]] and [[.net]], it is understood by users as an acronym for commercial company, it offers potential business value, it is becoming the latest fashion in domain names making its value increasing. </ref> <ref>[http://www.todayisp.com/domain/intro_cc.net What Is .CC Domain?]</ref>
===.co===
The Colombian Ministry of Information Technology and Communication assigned the management of the .co ccTLD registry to the [[.co Internet|.CO Internet SAS]], a joint venture between [[Arcelandia SA]] and [[Neustar]], Inc. Since its launch in February 2010, the .co ccTLD has been marketed by .co Internet as a "new, flexible, and safe global extension" for internet users worldwide.<ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/World-Trademark-Review-Update-.co-extension-is-launched.pdf '.co' extension is launched]</ref>


On the other hand, .tv ccTLD domain names is currently operated by dotTV, another subsidiary company of Verisign. Domain names using the .tv ccTLD are registered by entities involved in the television, film animation industries as well as individuals providing video contents in their blogs or websites. They believe that a .tv domain name is effective to attract their target audience to earn more revenue. <ref>[http://watch.tv/about-tv/index.html About .tv]</ref> Internet users understand that a .tv domain name offers video contents. In 2006, Demand Media and Verisign partnered in promoting the .tv domain names as a preferred web address for media rich content. [[Richard Rosenblatt]], Chairman and CEO of Demand Media explained that the landscape of the internet media is changing so fast and many users want to publish and share their own video materials. According to Rosenblatt, "By registering a .tv domain name and adding video content of their choosing, users can program their own channel." <ref>[http://www.webhosting.info/news/1/verisign-and-demand-media--to-promote-.tv-domain-names-_1214066304.htm VeriSign and Demand Media to Promote .tv Domain Names]</ref>
According to [[Juan Diego Calle]], CEO of .co Internet, the [[.co]] TLD will serve as a good alternative for users who are looking for a credible, global and recognizable domain name that is affordable and critical to achieving their online success. He explained that .co is well-known worldwide by Internet users as a short term for corporation or company, and the .co domain name space will provide millions of users the opportunity register their desired domain names to establish their online presence. Calle said that his company is targeting Internet users around the world who have dreams, ideas or contents to share.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2010/05/16/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-co-our-exclusive-interview-with-the-ceo-juan-calle/ Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About .CO; Our Exclusive Interview With The CEO Juan Calle]</ref>


===.co ccTLD===
.CO Internet SAS is promoting the .co TLD as an easy to remember top level domain representing companies, corporations, communities, content, etc. and searchable, secure, committed, confident, flexible, networked with a growing community.<ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/domain About .co]</ref> <ref>[http://www.opportunity.co/about/#/benefits Benefits of .Co]</ref>
The Colombian Ministry of Information Technology and Communication assigned the management of the .co ccTLD registry to the [[.co Internet SAS]],a joint venture between [[Arcelandia SA]] and [[Neustar]], Inc. Since its launching on February 2010, the  .co ccTLD has been marketed  by Internet SAS as a "new, flexible, and safe global extension" for internet users worldwide.<ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/sites/default/files/documents/World-Trademark-Review-Update-.co-extension-is-launched.pdf '.co' extension is launched]</ref>


According to Juan Calle, CEO of .CO Internet SAS; the [[.co TLD]] will serve as a good alternative for users who are looking for a credible, global and recognizable domain name that is affordable and critical to achieve their online success. He explained that CO is well-known worldwide by internet users as a short term for corporation or company and the .co domain name space will provide millions of users the opportunity register their desired domain names to establish their online presence. Calle said that his company is targeting internet users around the world who has dreams, ideas or contents to share.<ref>[http://www.thedomains.com/2010/05/16/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-co-our-exclusive-interview-with-the-ceo-juan-calle/ Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About .CO; Our Exclusive Interview With The CEO Juan Calle]</ref>
Some companies use the .co domain space as a branded shortener or in [[Domain Hack|domain hacks]], such as with [[Overstock.com]] (O.co), [[Twitter]] (T.co), Politico (politi.co), Venture Hacks (vh.co), [[Google]] (g.co), etc.<ref> [http://www.cointernet.co/domain/many-uses Many uses of .co]</ref> Others use it as a [[URL]] shortener, such as [[GoDaddy]]'s x.co.<ref>[http://app.x.co/ URL Shortener]</ref>


[[.CO Internet SAS]] is promoting the .co as an easy to remember top level domain representing companies, corporations, communities, content, etc. and searchable, secure, committed, confident, flexible, networked with a growing community. <ref>[http://www.cointernet.co/domain About .co]</ref> <ref>[http://www.opportunity.co/about/#/benefits Benefits of .Co]</ref>
===.fm===
The [[.fm]] ccTLD is marketed by [[BRS Media Inc.]] for use by music, radio, and social media websites. A percentage of the income from .fm registrations goes back to the government and people of the Federated States of Micronesia.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fm Wikipedia .fm]</ref>


Some companies use the .co domain space as a branded shortener such as [[Overstock.com]] (O.co), [[Twitter]] (T.co), Politico (politi.co), Venture Hacks (vh.co), [[Google]] (g.co), etc.<ref> [http://www.cointernet.co/domain/many-uses Many uses of .co]</ref> Others use it as a [[URL]] shortener, such as the x.co by [[GoDaddy]].<ref>[http://app.x.co/ URL Shortener]</ref>
=== '''.am''' ===
The .am ccTLD is is managed and operated by ISOC.AM (Intrernet Society NGO) a non-governmental organization, which was registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia in 1995. The founding meeting of the organization took place on August 4, 1994.


===.ws ccTLD===
===.ws===
The .ws ccTLD is managed and operated by SamoaNIC,<ref>[http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml samoanic.ws]</ref> and it is promoting the TLD as a [[domain hack]] wherein the .ws is supposedly stands for Web Site or World Site.<ref>[http://nuvi.be/allabouttlds All About TLD]</ref> The marketing strategy provides users global presence. The [[Global Domains International Incorporated]], a global domain name registry that provides domain name registry and web hosting is marketing Internationalized Domain Names ([[IDN]]'s) using the .ws World Site.<ref>[http://worldsite.ws/?sponsor=idntraffic Worldsite.ws]</ref>
The .ws ccTLD is managed and operated by [[SamoaNIC]],<ref>[http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml samoanic.ws]</ref> and it is promoting the TLD as a shortened form of Web Site or World Site.<ref>[http://nuvi.be/allabouttlds All About TLD]</ref> The marketing strategy provides users global presence. The marketing program for .ws is carried out by [[Global Domains International Incorporated]].<ref>[http://worldsite.ws/?sponsor=idntraffic Worldsite.ws]</ref>
 
===.me===
The ccTLD of Montenegro, [[.me]], has been marketed by [[DoMEn]] for use by bloggers, social media users, and socially inclined websites and companies.<ref>[http://kozmedia.com/for-countries-that-own-shorter-web-site-suffixes-extra-cash-from-abroad/222400/ For Countries That own Shorter Web Site Suffixes Extra Cash, Kozmedia.com]</ref>


==Current ccTLDs==
==Current ccTLDs==
The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their [[registry]] operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet to-level domains]</ref>
<table border="1" style="border-style: solid; border-color: darkgray; border-collapse: collapse" width="63%" cellpadding="6" width="900px"><tr><td>'''ccTLD'''</td><td>'''Entity'''</td><td>'''Registry Operator'''</td><td width="150px">'''Notes'''</td></tr>
<table border="1" style="border-style: solid; border-color: darkgray; border-collapse: collapse" width="63%" cellpadding="6" width="900px"><tr><td>'''ccTLD'''</td><td>'''Entity'''</td><td>'''Registry Operator'''</td><td width="150px">'''Notes'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ac]]</td><td>Ascension Island</td><td>[[AC Domain Registry]]</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ac]]</td><td>Ascension Island</td><td>[[Nic.ac]]</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ad]]</td><td>Andorra</td><td>[[Andorra Telecom]]</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ad]]</td><td>Andorra</td><td>[[Andorra Telecom]]</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>[[.ae]]</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>Telecommunication Regulatory Authority ([[TRA]])</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ae]]</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>[[UAEnic]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.af]]</td><td>Afghanistan</td><td>[[Afghanistan Ministry of Communications and IT]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.af]]</td><td>Afghanistan</td><td>[[AfgNIC]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ag]]</td><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>[[UHSA School of Medicine]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ag]]</td><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>[[Nic AG]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ai]]</td><td>Anguilla</td><td>[[Government of Anguilla]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ai]]</td><td>Anguilla</td><td>[[Government of Anguilla]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.al]]</td><td>Albania</td><td>Albania Electronic and Postal Communications Authority ([[AKEP]])</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.al]]</td><td>Albania</td><td>Albania Electronic and Postal Communications Authority ([[AKEP]])</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.am]]</td><td>Armenia</td><td>[[ISOC]] Armenia</td><td>Citizenship required</td>
<tr><td>[[.am]]</td><td>Armenia</td><td>[[ISOC.AM]] (Internet Society NGO, based in Armenia 1994, 4 August)</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.an]]</td><td>Antilles (Netherlands)</td><td>[[University of the Netherlands - Antilles]]</td><td>Being phased out</td>
<tr><td>[[.an]]</td><td>Antilles (Netherlands)</td><td>[[University of the Netherlands Antilles]]</td><td>Being phased out</td>
<tr><td>[[.ao]]</td><td>Angola</td><td>[[Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Agostinho Neto]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ao]]</td><td>Angola</td><td>[[Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Agostinho Neto]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.aq]]</td><td>Antarctica</td><td>[[Mott and Associates]]</td><td>Available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, and other registrants with a local physical presence.</td>
<tr><td>[[.aq]]</td><td>Antarctica</td><td>[[Mott and Associates]]</td><td>Available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, and other registrants with a local physical presence.</td>
<tr><td>[[.ar]]</td><td>Argentina</td><td>[[MRECIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ar]]</td><td>Argentina</td><td>[[NIC Argentina]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.as]]</td><td>American Samoa</td><td>[[AS Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.as]]</td><td>American Samoa</td><td>[[AS Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.at]]</td><td>Austria</td><td>[[Nic.at]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.at]]</td><td>Austria</td><td>[[Nic.at]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.au]]</td><td>Australia</td><td>[[auDA]]</td><td>ABN (Australian Business Number) required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td>  
<tr><td>[[.aw]]</td><td>Aruba</td><td>[[SETAR]]</td><td>Restricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands landskapsregering]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ax]]</td><td>Aland Islands</td><td>[[Ålands Landskapsregeringen]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraDNS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.az]]</td><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>[[IntraNS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ba]]</td><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>[[UTIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bb]]</td><td>Barbados</td><td>[[Government of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bd]]</td><td>Bangladesh</td><td>[[Ministry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS BE]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td>  
<tr><td>[[.be]]</td><td>Belgium</td><td>[[DNS Belgium]]</td><td>Also unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCE]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bf]]</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>[[ARCEP]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bg]]</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>[[Register.BG]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bh]]</td><td>Bahrain</td><td>[[BATELCO]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bi]]</td><td>Burundi</td><td>[[Centre National de l'Informatique]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bi]]</td><td>Burundi</td><td>[[Burundi National Center of Information Technology]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bj]]</td><td>Benin</td><td>[[Offices des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bj]]</td><td>Benin</td><td>[[Offices des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bl]]</td><td>Saint Barthelemy</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in [[Root Zone|root zone]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bl]]</td><td>Saint Barthelemy</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in [[Root Zone|root zone]]</td>  
Line 77: Line 92:
<tr><td>[[.bo]]</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>[[Agencia para el Desarrollo de la Información de la Sociedad en Bolivia]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bo]]</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>[[Agencia para el Desarrollo de la Información de la Sociedad en Bolivia]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bq]]</td><td>Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bq]]</td><td>Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.br]]</td><td>Brazil</td><td>[[Comite Gestor da Internet no Brasil]]</td><td>Top level registration is restricted, registration at [[SLD|second level]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.br]]</td><td>Brazil</td><td>[[NIC.br]]</td><td>Top level registration is restricted, registration at [[SLD|second level]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bs]]</td><td>Bahamas</td><td>[[The College of the Bahamas]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bs]]</td><td>Bahamas</td><td>[[The College of the Bahamas]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bt]]</td><td>Bhutan</td><td>[[Ministry of Information and Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bt]]</td><td>Bhutan</td><td>[[Ministry of Information and Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bv]]</td><td>Bouvet Island</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Not in use</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bv]]</td><td>Bouvet Island</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Not in use</td>  
<tr><td>[[.bw]]</td><td>Botswana</td><td>[[University of Botswana]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bw]]</td><td>Botswana</td><td>[[Botswana Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.by]]</td><td>Belarus</td><td>[[Open Contact Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.by]]</td><td>Belarus</td><td>[[Open Contact Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bz]]</td><td>Belize</td><td>[[University of Belize]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.bz]]</td><td>Belize</td><td>[[University of Belize]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ca]]</td><td>Canada</td><td>[[CIRA]]</td><td>Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ca]]</td><td>Canada</td><td>[[CIRA]]</td><td>Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements</td>  
<tr><td>[[.cc]]</td><td>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</td><td>[[eNIC Cocos Islands Pty. Ltd.]]</td><td>Second level domains used in free, public domain service</td>  
<tr><td>[[.cc]]</td><td>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</td><td>[[eNIC Cocos Islands Pty. Ltd.]]</td><td>Second level domains used in free, public domain service</td>  
<tr><td>[[.cd]]</td><td>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[[OCPT]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cd]]</td><td>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[[CDNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cf]]</td><td>Central African Republic</td><td>[[SOCATEL]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cf]]</td><td>Central African Republic</td><td>[[Dot CF]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cg]]</td><td>Republic of Congo</td><td>[[ONPT Congo]] and [[Interpoint Switzerland]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cg]]</td><td>Republic of Congo</td><td>[[ONPT Congo]] and [[Interpoint Switzerland]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ch]]</td><td>Switzerland</td><td>[[SWITCH]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ch]]</td><td>Switzerland</td><td>[[SWITCH]]</td><td></td>  
Line 99: Line 114:
<tr><td>[[.cu]]</td><td>Cuba</td><td>[[CENIA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cu]]</td><td>Cuba</td><td>[[CENIA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cv]]</td><td>Cape Verde</td><td>[[ANAC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cv]]</td><td>Cape Verde</td><td>[[ANAC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cw]]</td><td>Curaçao</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.cw]]</td><td>Curaçao</td><td>[[University of the Netherlands Antilles]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cx]]</td><td>Christmas Island</td><td>[[Christmas Island Internet Administration Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cx]]</td><td>Christmas Island</td><td>[[Christmas Island Internet Administration Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cy]]</td><td>Cyprus</td><td>[[University of Cyprus]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.cy]]</td><td>Cyprus</td><td>[[University of Cyprus]]</td><td></td>  
Line 105: Line 120:
<tr><td>[[.de]]</td><td>Germany</td><td>[[DENIC]]</td><td>German postal address required for administrative contact</td>  
<tr><td>[[.de]]</td><td>Germany</td><td>[[DENIC]]</td><td>German postal address required for administrative contact</td>  
<tr><td>[[.dj]]</td><td>Djibouti</td><td>[[Djibouti Telecom SA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dj]]</td><td>Djibouti</td><td>[[Djibouti Telecom SA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dk]]</td><td>Denmark</td><td>[[Dansk Internet Forum]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dk]]</td><td>Denmark</td><td>[[DK Hostmaster]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dm]]</td><td>Dominica</td><td>[[DotDM Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dm]]</td><td>Dominica</td><td>[[DotDM Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.do]]</td><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>[[Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[CERIST]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.dz]]</td><td>Algeria</td><td>[[NIC.dz]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[[NIC.EC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ec]]</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>[https://nic.ec ECUADORDOMAIN S.A.]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ee]]</td><td>Estonia</td><td>[[Estonian Internet Foundation]]</td><td>Estonian postal address required for administrative contact</td>  
<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.eg]]</td><td>Egypt</td><td>[[EUN Supreme Council of Universities]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.eh]]</td><td>Western Sahara</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.eh]]</td><td>Western Sahara</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.er]]</td><td>Eritrea</td><td>[[EriTel]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.er]]</td><td>Eritrea</td><td>[[EriTel]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.es]]</td><td>Spain</td><td>[[Red.es]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.es]]</td><td>Spain</td><td>[[RED.ES]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.et]]</td><td>Ethiopia</td><td>[[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td>  
<tr><td>[[.eu]]</td><td>European Union</td><td>[[EURid]]</td><td>Restricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union</td>  
<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority]]</td><td>Limited to companies and organizations registered in Finland and Finnish citizens</td>  
<tr><td>[[.fi]]</td><td>Finland</td><td>[[FICORA]]</td><td>Registration is available to everyone all around the world</td>  
<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.fj]]</td><td>Fiji</td><td>[[The University of the South Pacific IT Services]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.fk]]</td><td>Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</td><td>[[Falkland Islands Government]]</td><td></td>  
Line 128: Line 143:
<tr><td>[[.ge]]</td><td>Georgia</td><td>[[Caucasus Online]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ge]]</td><td>Georgia</td><td>[[Caucasus Online]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gf]]</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>[[Net Plus]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gf]]</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>[[Net Plus]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gg]]</td><td>Guernsey</td><td>[[Island Networks Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gg]]</td><td>Guernsey</td><td>[[Island Networks]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gh]]</td><td>Ghana</td><td>[[Network Computer Systems Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gh]]</td><td>Ghana</td><td>[[Network Computer Systems]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gi]]</td><td>Gibraltar</td><td>[[Sapphire Networks]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gi]]</td><td>Gibraltar</td><td>[[Sapphire Networks]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gl]]</td><td>Greenland</td><td>[[TELE Greenland AS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gl]]</td><td>Greenland</td><td>[[TELE Greenland AS]]</td><td></td>  
Line 136: Line 151:
<tr><td>[[.gp]]</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>[[Networking Technologies Group]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gp]]</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>[[Networking Technologies Group]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gq]]</td><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>[[GETESA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gq]]</td><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>[[GETESA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gr]]</td><td>Greece</td><td>[[ICS-FORTH GR]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gr]]</td><td>Greece</td><td>[[GR-Hostmaster]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gs]]</td><td>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</td><td>[[GSGSSI]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gs]]</td><td>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</td><td>[[GSGSSI]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gt]]</td><td>Guatemala</td><td>[[Universidad del Valle de Guatemala]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gt]]</td><td>Guatemala</td><td>[[Universidad del Valle de Guatemala]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gu]]</td><td>Guam</td><td>[[University of Guam Computer Center]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gu]]</td><td>Guam</td><td>[[University of Guam Computer Center]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gw]]</td><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>[[Fundação IT]] and [[MEDIA Universidade de Bissao]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gw]]</td><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>[[ARN]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gy]]</td><td>Guyana</td><td>[[University of Guyana]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.gy]]</td><td>Guyana</td><td>[[University of Guyana]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hk]]</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td>[[Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hk]]</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td>[[HKIRC|Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hm]]</td><td>Heard Island and McDonald Islands</td><td>[[HM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hm]]</td><td>Heard Island and McDonald Islands</td><td>[[HM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hn]]</td><td>Honduras</td><td>[[Red de Desarrollo Sostenible Honduras]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hn]]</td><td>Honduras</td><td>[[Red de Desarrollo Sostenible Honduras]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hr]]</td><td>Croatia</td><td>[[CARnet]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hr]]</td><td>Croatia</td><td>[[CARNet]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ht]]</td><td>Haiti</td><td>[[Consortium FDS/RDDH]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ht]]</td><td>Haiti</td><td>[[Consortium FDS/RDDH]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hu]]</td><td>Hungary</td><td>[[CHIP]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.hu]]</td><td>Hungary</td><td>[[CHIP]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.id]]</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>[[IDNIC]]-[[PPAU Mikroelektronika]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.id]]</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>[[IDNIC]]-[[PPAU Mikroelektronika]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ie]]</td><td>Ireland</td><td>[[University College Dublin Computing Services]]</td><td>Limited to Irish citizens, Ireland-registered brands and companies, and companies doing business in Ireland</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ie]]</td><td>Ireland</td><td>[[IEDR|IE Domain Registry Limited]]</td><td>Limited to Irish citizens, Ireland-registered brands and companies, and companies doing business in Ireland</td>  
<tr><td>[[.il]]</td><td>Israel</td><td>[[ISOC]] Israel</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.il]]</td><td>Israel</td><td>[[ISOC-IL]] (Israeli Branch of [[ISOC]])</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.im]]</td><td>Isle of Man</td><td>[[Isle of Man Government]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.im]]</td><td>Isle of Man</td><td>[[Isle of Man Government]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.in]]</td><td>India</td><td>[[NIXI]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.in]]</td><td>India</td><td>[[NIXI]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.io]]</td><td>British Indian Ocean Territory</td><td>[[IO Top Level Domain Registry Cable and Wireless]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.io]]</td><td>British Indian Ocean Territory</td><td>[[IO Top Level Domain Registry Cable and Wireless]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.iq]]</td><td>Iraq</td><td>[[CMC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.iq]]</td><td>Iraq</td><td>[[CMC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ir]]</td><td>Islamic Republic of Iran</td><td>[[Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ir]]</td><td>Islamic Republic of Iran</td><td>[[IRNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.is]]</td><td>Iceland</td><td>[[ISNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.is]]</td><td>Iceland</td><td>[[ISNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.it]]</td><td>Italy</td><td>[[IIT - CNR]]</td><td>Restricted to companies and individuals within the EU</td>  
<tr><td>[[.it]]</td><td>Italy</td><td>[[IIT - CNR]]</td><td>Restricted to companies and individuals within the EU</td>  
<tr><td>[[.je]]</td><td>Jersey</td><td>[[Island Networks (Jersey) Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.je]]</td><td>Jersey</td><td>[[Island Networks]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.jm]]</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>[[University of West Indies]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.jm]]</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>[[University of West Indies]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.jo]]</td><td>Jordan</td><td>[[NITC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.jo]]</td><td>Jordan</td><td>[[NITC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.jp]]</td><td>Japan</td><td>[[Japan Registry Services]]</td><td>Physical address within Japan required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.jp]]</td><td>Japan</td><td>[[Japan Registry Services]]</td><td>Physical address within Japan required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ke]]</td><td>Kenya</td><td>[[KeNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ke]]</td><td>Kenya</td><td>[[KENIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kg]]</td><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>[[AsiaInfo Telecommunications Enterprise]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kg]]</td><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>[[AsiaInfo Telecommunications Enterprise]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kh]]</td><td>Cambodia</td><td>[[Cambodia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kh]]</td><td>Cambodia</td><td>[[Cambodia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
Line 169: Line 184:
<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kn]]</td><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td><td>[[Star Joint Venture Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kp]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kr]]</td><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>[[KISA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kw]]</td><td>Kuwait</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ky]]</td><td>Caymen Islands</td><td>[[The Information and Communication Authority]]</td><td>Restricted to qualified Cayman entities</td>  
<tr><td>[[.kz]]</td><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>[[Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.kz]]</td><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>[[Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.la]]</td><td>Laos</td><td>[[LANIC]]</td><td>Currently marketed as an unofficial domain for Los Angeles</td>  
<tr><td>[[.la]]</td><td>Laos</td><td>[[LANIC]]</td><td>Currently marketed as an unofficial domain for Los Angeles</td>  
<tr><td>[[.lb]]</td><td>Lebanon</td><td>[[American University of Beirut Computing and Networking Services]]</td><td> Restricted to companies within Lebanon</td>  
<tr><td>[[.lb]]</td><td>Lebanon</td><td>[https://www.isoc.org.lb/ Internet Society Lebanon (ISOC-LB)] </td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lc]]</td><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>[[University of Puerto Rico]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lc]]</td><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>[[University of Puerto Rico]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.li]]</td><td>Liechtenstein</td><td>[[Universitaet Liechtenstein]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.li]]</td><td>Liechtenstein</td><td>[[Universitaet Liechtenstein]]</td><td></td>  
Line 180: Line 195:
<tr><td>[[.lr]]</td><td>Liberia</td><td>[[Data Technology Solutions, Inc.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lr]]</td><td>Liberia</td><td>[[Data Technology Solutions, Inc.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ls]]</td><td>Lesotho</td><td>[[National University of Lesotho]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ls]]</td><td>Lesotho</td><td>[[National University of Lesotho]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lt]]</td><td>Lithuania</td><td>[[Kaunas University of Technology Information Technology Development Institute]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lt]]</td><td>Lithuania</td><td>[[Domreg]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lu]]</td><td>Luxembourg</td><td>[[RESTENA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lu]]</td><td>Luxembourg</td><td>[[RESTENA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lv]]</td><td>Latvia</td><td>[[Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science Department of Network Solutions]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.lv]]</td><td>Latvia</td><td>[[NIC.LV]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ly]]</td><td>Libya</td><td>[[General Post and Telecommunications Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ly]]</td><td>Libya</td><td>[[General Post and Telecommunications Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ma]]</td><td>Morocco</td><td>[[ANRT]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ma]]</td><td>Morocco</td><td>[[ANRT]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mc]]</td><td>Monaco</td><td>[[Gouvernement de Monaco Direction des Communications Electroniques]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mc]]</td><td>Monaco</td><td>[[Gouvernement de Monaco Direction des Communications Electroniques]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.md]]</td><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>[[MoldData]]</td><td>Marketed to medical professionals worldwide</td>  
<tr><td>[[.md]]</td><td>Republic of Moldova</td><td>[[MoldData]]</td><td>Marketed to medical professionals worldwide</td>  
<tr><td>[[.me]]</td><td>Montenegro</td><td>[[Government of Montenegro]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.me]]</td><td>Montenegro</td><td>[[doMEn]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mf]]</td><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.mf]]</td><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.mg]]</td><td>Madagascar</td><td>[[NIC-MG]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mg]]</td><td>Madagascar</td><td>[[NIC-MG]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mh]]</td><td>Marshall Islands</td><td>[[Cabinet Office]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mh]]</td><td>Marshall Islands</td><td>[[Cabinet Office]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mk]]</td><td>Macedonia</td><td>[[Ministry of Foreign Relations]]</td><td>Restricted to companies within Macedonia</td>  
<tr><td>[[.mk]]</td><td>Macedonia</td><td>[[Ministry of Foreign Relations]]</td><td>Restricted to companies within Macedonia</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ml]]</td><td>Mali</td><td>[[SOTELMA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ml]]</td><td>Mali</td><td>[[Sotelma]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mm]]</td><td>Myanmar</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications, Posts & Telegraphs]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mm]]</td><td>Myanmar</td><td>[[Ministry of Communications, Posts & Telegraphs]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mn]]</td><td>Mongolia</td><td>[[Datacom Co., Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mn]]</td><td>Mongolia</td><td>[[Datacom Co., Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
Line 201: Line 216:
<tr><td>[[.ms]]</td><td>Montserrat</td><td>[[MNI Networks Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ms]]</td><td>Montserrat</td><td>[[MNI Networks Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mt]]</td><td>Malta</td><td>[[NIC Malta]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mt]]</td><td>Malta</td><td>[[NIC Malta]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mu]]</td><td>Mauritius</td><td>[[Internet Direct Ltd]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mu]]</td><td>Mauritius</td><td>[[Mauritius Network Information Centre]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mv]]</td><td>Maldives</td><td>[[DHIVEHINET]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mv]]</td><td>Maldives</td><td>[[DHIVEHINET]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mw]]</td><td>Malawi</td><td>[[Malawi SDNP]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mw]]</td><td>Malawi</td><td>[[Malawi SDNP]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mx]]</td><td>Mexico</td><td>[[NIC Mexico]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.mx]]</td><td>Mexico</td><td>[[NIC Mexico]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.my]]</td><td>Malaysia</td><td>[[MYNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to individuals and companies within Malaysia</td>  
<tr><td>[[.my]]</td><td>Malaysia</td><td>[[MYNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to individuals and companies within Malaysia</td>  
<tr><td>[[.mz]]</td><td>Mozambique</td><td>[[Centro de Informatica de Universidade Eduardo Mondlane]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.na]]</td><td>Namibia</td><td>[[Namibian Network Information Centre]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.nc]]</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td>[[Office des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.nc]]</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td>[[Office des Postes et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ne]]</td><td>Niger</td><td>[[SONITEL]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ne]]</td><td>Niger</td><td>[[SONITEL]]</td><td></td>  
Line 211: Line 228:
<tr><td>[[.ng]]</td><td>Nigeria</td><td>[[NiRA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ng]]</td><td>Nigeria</td><td>[[NiRA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ni]]</td><td>Nicaragua</td><td>[[Universidad Nacional del Ingernieria Centro de Computo]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ni]]</td><td>Nicaragua</td><td>[[Universidad Nacional del Ingernieria Centro de Computo]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.nl]]</td><td>Netherlands</td><td>[[Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland]]</td><td>Was the first official ccTLD to be assigned</td>  
<tr><td>[[.nl]]</td><td>Netherlands</td><td>[[SIDN|Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN)]]</td><td>Was the first official ccTLD to be assigned</td>  
<tr><td>[[.no]]</td><td>Norway</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Restricted to companies in Norway. Individuals may register under the [[SLD]] .priv.no.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.no]]</td><td>Norway</td><td>[[UNINETT Norid AS]]</td><td>Restricted to companies in Norway. Individuals may register under the [[SLD]] .priv.no.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.np]]</td><td>Nepal</td><td>[[Mercantile Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.np]]</td><td>Nepal</td><td>[[Mercantile Communications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.nr]]</td><td>Nauru</td><td>[[CENPAC NET]]</td><td>Second level domain .co.nr is used as a free domain service</td>  
<tr><td>[[.nr]]</td><td>Nauru</td><td>[[CENPAC NET]]</td><td>Second level domain .co.nr is used as a free domain service</td>  
<tr><td>[[.nu]]</td><td>Niue</td><td>[[The IUSN Foundation]]</td><td>Unofficially used as "new" for English language websites and "now" for Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.nu]]</td><td>Niue</td><td>[[Internetstiftelsen i Sverige]]</td><td>Unofficially used as "new" for English language websites and "now" for Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.nz]]</td><td>New Zealand</td><td>[[InternetNZ]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.nz]]</td><td>New Zealand</td><td>[[InternetNZ]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.om]]</td><td>Oman</td><td>[[TRA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.om]]</td><td>Oman</td><td>[[TRA]]</td><td></td>  
Line 224: Line 241:
<tr><td>[[.ph]]</td><td>Philippines</td><td>[[PH Domain Foundation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ph]]</td><td>Philippines</td><td>[[PH Domain Foundation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pk]]</td><td>Pakistan</td><td>[[PKNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pk]]</td><td>Pakistan</td><td>[[PKNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pl]]</td><td>Poland</td><td>[[Research and Academic Computer Network]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pl]]</td><td>Poland</td><td>[[NASK]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pm]]</td><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pn]]</td><td>Pitcairn</td><td>[[Pitcairn Island Administration]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pr]]</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>[[Gauss Research Laboratory Inc|Gauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[Ministry of Telecommunications & IT]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ps]]</td><td>Palestine</td><td>[[PNINA|Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[Fundação para a Computação Científica Nacional]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pt]]</td><td>Portugal</td><td>[[DNS.PT]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pw]]</td><td>Palau</td><td>[[Micronesia Investment and Development Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.pw]]</td><td>Palau</td><td>[[Micronesia Investment and Development Corporation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.py]]</td><td>Paraguay</td><td>[[NIC-PY]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.py]]</td><td>Paraguay</td><td>[[NIC-PY]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.qa]]</td><td>Qatar</td><td>[[ictQATAR]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.qa]]</td><td>Qatar</td><td>[[ictQATAR]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.re]]</td><td>Reunion</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to brand owners in Reunion and to companies with an address in Reunion.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.re]]</td><td>Reunion</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td>Restricted to brand owners in Reunion and to companies with an address in Reunion.</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ro]]</td><td>Romania</td><td>[[National Institute for R&D in Informatics]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ro]]</td><td>Romania</td><td>[[RNC|Romanian Research Network]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.rs]]</td><td>Serbia</td><td>[[RNIDS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.rs]]</td><td>Serbia</td><td>[[RNIDS|Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names]] (RNIDS)</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ru]]</td><td>Russia</td><td>[[Coordination Center for TLD RU]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ru]]</td><td>Russia</td><td>[[Coordination Center for TLD RU]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.rw]]</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>[[NIC Congo]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.rw]]</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>[[NIC Congo]]</td><td></td>  
Line 241: Line 258:
<tr><td>[[.sb]]</td><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>[[Solomon Telekom Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sb]]</td><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>[[Solomon Telekom Company]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sc]]</td><td>Seychelles</td><td>[[VCS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sc]]</td><td>Seychelles</td><td>[[VCS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sd]]</td><td>Sudan</td><td>[[ISOC]] Sudan</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sd]]</td><td>Sudan</td><td>[[Sudan Internet Society]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.se]]</td><td>Sweden</td><td>[[Interner Infrastructure Foundation]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.se]]</td><td>Sweden</td><td>[[Internetstiftelsen i Sverige]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sg]]</td><td>Singapore</td><td>[[SGNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sg]]</td><td>Singapore</td><td>[[SGNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sh]]</td><td>Saint Helena</td><td>[[Government of St. Helena]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sh]]</td><td>Saint Helena</td><td>[[Government of St. Helena]]</td><td></td>  
Line 250: Line 267:
<tr><td>[[.sl]]</td><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>[[Sierratel]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sl]]</td><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>[[Sierratel]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sm]]</td><td>San Marino</td><td>[[Telecom Italia San Marino]]</td><td>Domain name must be same as company name or trademark</td>  
<tr><td>[[.sm]]</td><td>San Marino</td><td>[[Telecom Italia San Marino]]</td><td>Domain name must be same as company name or trademark</td>  
<tr><td>[[.sn]]</td><td>Senegal</td><td>[[Universite Cheikh Anta Diop]] and [[NIC Senegal]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sn]]</td><td>Senegal</td><td>[[Universite Cheikh Anta Diop]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.so]]</td><td>Somalia</td><td>[[Somalia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications]]</td><td>Relaunched on Novemner 1, 2010</td>  
<tr><td>[[.so]]</td><td>Somalia</td><td>[[SONIC]]</td><td>Relaunched on Novemner 1, 2010</td>  
<tr><td>[[.sr]]</td><td>Suriname</td><td>[[Telesur]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sr]]</td><td>Suriname</td><td>[[Telesur]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ss]]</td><td>South Sudan</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ss]]</td><td>South Sudan</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.st]]</td><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>[[Tecnisys]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.st]]</td><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>[[Tecnisys]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.su]]]]</td><td>Soviet Union</td><td>[[ROSNIIROS]]</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.ru]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.su]]</td><td>Soviet Union</td><td>[[ROSNIIROS]]</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.ru]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.sv]]</td><td>El Salvador</td><td>[[SVNet]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sv]]</td><td>El Salvador</td><td>[[SVNet]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sx]]</td><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.sx]]</td><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>[[SX Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sy]]</td><td>Syria</td><td>[[NANS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sy]]</td><td>Syria</td><td>[[NANS]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sz]]</td><td>Swaziland</td><td>[[University of Swaziland Department of Computer Science]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.sz]]</td><td>Swaziland</td><td>[[SISPA]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tc]]</td><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>[[MelrexTC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tc]]</td><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>[[MelrexTC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.td]]</td><td>Chad</td><td>[[SOTEL TCHAD]]</td><td>Restricted to entities connected with Chad</td>  
<tr><td>[[.td]]</td><td>Chad</td><td>[[Sotel Tchad]]</td><td>Restricted to entities connected with Chad</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tf]]</td><td>French Southern Territories</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tf]]</td><td>French Southern Territories</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tg]]</td><td>Togo</td><td>[[Cafe Informatique et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tg]]</td><td>Togo</td><td>[[C.A.F.E. Informatique et Telecommunications]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.th]]</td><td>Thailand</td><td>[[THNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.th]]</td><td>Thailand</td><td>[[THNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tj]]</td><td>Tajikistan</td><td>[[Information Technology Center]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tj]]</td><td>Tajikistan</td><td>[[Information Technology Center]]</td><td></td>  
Line 269: Line 286:
<tr><td>[[.tl]]</td><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>[[Ministry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division]]</td><td> Old code, [[.tp]], still also in use</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tl]]</td><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>[[Ministry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division]]</td><td> Old code, [[.tp]], still also in use</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tm]]</td><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>[[TM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tm]]</td><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>[[TM Domain Registry]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tn]]</td><td>Tunisia</td><td>[[Agence Tunisienne d'Internet]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tn]]</td><td>Tunisia</td><td>[[Tunisia Telecommunications Agency ATI]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.to]]</td><td>Tonga</td><td>[[Government of the Kingdom of Tonga]]</td><td>Unofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo</td>  
<tr><td>[[.to]]</td><td>Tonga</td><td>[[Government of the Kingdom of Tonga]]</td><td>Unofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tp]]</td><td>Portuguese Timor</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.tl]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tp]]</td><td>Portuguese Timor</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Being phased out in favor of [[.tl]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tr]]</td><td>Turkey</td><td>[[Middle East Technical University Department of Computer Engineering]]</td><td>.nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tr]]</td><td>Turkey</td><td>[[NIC.TR]]</td><td>.nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tt]]</td><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>[[University of the West Indies Faculty of Engineering]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tt]]</td><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>[[University of the West Indies Faculty of Engineering]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.tv]]</td><td>Tuvalu</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance and Tourism]]</td><td>Used as a abbreviation for television</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tv]]</td><td>Tuvalu</td><td>[[Ministry of Finance and Tourism]]</td><td>Used as a abbreviation for television</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tw]]</td><td>Taiwan</td><td>[[TWNIC]]</td><td>Registration allowed worldwide</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tw]]</td><td>Taiwan</td><td>[[TWNIC]]</td><td>Registration allowed worldwide</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tz]]</td><td>Tanzania</td><td>[[TzNIC]]</td><td>Presence within Tanzania required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.tz]]</td><td>Tanzania</td><td>[[TzNIC]]</td><td>Presence within Tanzania required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.ua]]</td><td>Ukraine</td><td>[[Communication Systems Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ua]]</td><td>Ukraine</td><td>[[Hostmaster LTD]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ug]]</td><td>Uganda</td><td>[[Uganda Online]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ug]]</td><td>Uganda</td><td>[[Charles Musisi]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.uk]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>[[Nominet]]</td><td>Ukranian trademark required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.uk]]</td><td>United Kingdom</td><td>[[Nominet]]</td><td>UK service address required</td>  
<tr><td>[[.um]]</td><td>United States Minor Outlying Islands</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.um]]</td><td>United States Minor Outlying Islands</td><td>Unassigned</td><td>Currently not in root zone</td>  
<tr><td>[[.us]]</td><td>United States</td><td>[[NeuStar]]</td><td>Commonly used by US state and local governments instead of [[.gov]]</td>  
<tr><td>[[.us]]</td><td>United States</td><td>[[NeuStar]]</td><td>Commonly used by US state and local governments instead of [[.gov]]</td>  
Line 289: Line 306:
<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vg]]</td><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>[[Pinebrook Developments Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vi]]</td><td>US Virgin Islands</td><td>[[NIC.vi]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[Ministry of Information and Communications of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vn]]</td><td>Vietnam</td><td>[[VNNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.vu]]</td><td>Vanuatu</td><td>[[Telecom Vanuatu Ltd.]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.wf]]</td><td>Wallis and Futuna</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ws]]</td><td>Samoa</td><td>[[Government of Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.ws]]</td><td>Samoa</td><td>[[Government of Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</td><td></td>  
<tr><td>[[.yt]]</td><td>Mayote</td><td>[[AFNIC]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.za]]</td><td>South Africa</td><td>[[ZADNA]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.zm]]</td><td>Zambia</td><td>[[ZAMNET]]</td><td></td>
<tr><td>[[.zw]]</td><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>[[ZISPA]]</td><td></td>
</table>
</table>
<ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet to-level domains]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
{{reflist}}</div>


[[Category: Glossary]]
[[Category:TLD]]

Latest revision as of 21:49, 31 August 2024

This article needs attention. Please help improve it by revising the article in accordance with ICANNWiki's content guidelines. In particular, ensure a neutral point of view and proper sourcing of information.

A Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) is a two-letter Internet top-level domains (TLDs) specifically designated for a particular country, sovereign state or autonomous territory for use to service their community. ccTLDs are derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes.[1]

Implementation[edit | edit source]

The implementation of ccTLDs was started by IANA which is not a physical organization or an individual but it is part of ICANN.[2] The delegation and creation of ccTLDs is presented within RFC 1591. In order to determine whether new ccTLDs should be added or not, the IANA follows the provisions of ISO 3166 - Maintenance Agency. More information related to the development of new ccTLDs can be found in IANA's Procedures for Establishing ccTLDs. [3]

IANA's Procedures for ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

Within its database, IANA contains authoritative information related to ccTLDs, referring to sponsoring organizations, technical and administrative contacts, name servers, registration URLs and other such information. This type of information provides extra details regarding the IANA's procedures for maintaining the ccTLD database.

Delegation and Redelegation[edit | edit source]

The process through which the designated manager, or managers, is changed is known as redelegation. The latter follows the provisions of ICP-1 and RFC 1591. IANA receives all requests of a sponsoring organization related to delegation and redelegation for the ccTLDs. The requests are then analyzed by IANA based on various technical and public criterion, and finally sent to the ICANN Board of Directors for approval or refusal. If approved, IANA is also responsible for the implementation of the request.[4]

Conceptually speaking, the delegation and redelegation processes are simple, but can easily become complex if there are many organizations and individuals involved in the process. There is a set of steps that must be followed before sending the request for delegation or redelegation. An initial request should be developed based on The Change Request Template and supplementary information to prove that the eligibility criteria has been met by the initial request. All the information supplied is used by IANA to fortify the request received.[4]

ccTLDs and ICANN[edit | edit source]

The policies developed by ICANN are implemented by gTLD registry operators, ccTLD managers, root-nameserver operators and regional Internet registries. One of the main activities of ICANN is to work with other organizations involved in the technical coordination of the Internet with the purpose of formally documenting their participatory role within the ICANN process. These organizations are committed to the ICANN policies that result from their work.

Starting in 2000, ICANN started cooperating with ccTLD managers to document their relationship. Due to various circumstances such as the type of organization, cultural issues, economics, the legal environment, etc., the relationships between ICANN and ccTLD mangers are often complex. Another consideration is the role of the national government in "managing or establishing policy for their own ccTLD" (role recognized in the June 1998, U.S. Government White Paper).[5]

In 2009, ICANN began the implementation of an IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process,[6] whereby countries that use non-Latin script are able to claim ccTLDs in their native script and the corresponding Latin version. As of early 2011, 33 requests have been received, representing 22 languages.[7] More than half have already been approved.[8]

Pseudo-ccTLD[edit | edit source]

A pseudo-ccTLD mimics an official country code domain without formal recognition, often used for branding or to suggest geographical affiliation.

Open ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

Related Article - Open Use ccTLD
An open ccTLD refers to a country code top level domain name that can be registered by anyone, regardless of which country the person resides in. These ccTLDs generally represent a particular branding opportunity aside from the name of the country or territory it represents. Examples include .cc (Cocos Island) for consulting companies, .tv (Tuvalu) for television, .ws (Western Samoa) for websites, and .co (Colombia) as an alternative to .com for companies.[9]

.cc and .tv[edit | edit source]

Verisign is the registry operator of both .cc and .tv open ccTLDs. eNIC, a subsidiary company of Verisign, manages the operation and marketing of .cc. The company promotes the ccTLD as a good alternative for the .com and .net domain name spaces. The target users for the .cc include entities that, for example, want to develop websites representing a Chinese company, country club, consulting company, chat community, church community, community center, chamber of commerce, or community college.[10]

TodayISP.com, one of the registrars offering .cc, describes the ccTLD as a new international domain name having the same features of the .com and .net, as it is understood by users as an acronym for commercial company, it offers potential business value, and is becoming the latest fashion in domain names, making its value increase.[11]

The .tv ccTLD is currently operated by dotTV, another subsidiary company of Verisign. Domain names using the .tv ccTLD are registered by entities involved in the television, film, and animation industries, as well as individuals providing video contents in their blogs or websites.[12] Internet users understand that a .tv domain name offers video content. In 2006, Demand Media and Verisign partnered to promote the .tv TLD as a preferred web address for media rich content. Richard Rosenblatt, Chairman and CEO of Demand Media, explained that the landscape of Internet media is changing quickly, and many users want to publish and share their own video materials. According to Rosenblatt, "By registering a .tv domain name and adding video content of their choosing, users can program their own channel."[13]

.co[edit | edit source]

The Colombian Ministry of Information Technology and Communication assigned the management of the .co ccTLD registry to the .CO Internet SAS, a joint venture between Arcelandia SA and Neustar, Inc. Since its launch in February 2010, the .co ccTLD has been marketed by .co Internet as a "new, flexible, and safe global extension" for internet users worldwide.[14]

According to Juan Diego Calle, CEO of .co Internet, the .co TLD will serve as a good alternative for users who are looking for a credible, global and recognizable domain name that is affordable and critical to achieving their online success. He explained that .co is well-known worldwide by Internet users as a short term for corporation or company, and the .co domain name space will provide millions of users the opportunity register their desired domain names to establish their online presence. Calle said that his company is targeting Internet users around the world who have dreams, ideas or contents to share.[15]

.CO Internet SAS is promoting the .co TLD as an easy to remember top level domain representing companies, corporations, communities, content, etc. and searchable, secure, committed, confident, flexible, networked with a growing community.[16] [17]

Some companies use the .co domain space as a branded shortener or in domain hacks, such as with Overstock.com (O.co), Twitter (T.co), Politico (politi.co), Venture Hacks (vh.co), Google (g.co), etc.[18] Others use it as a URL shortener, such as GoDaddy's x.co.[19]

.fm[edit | edit source]

The .fm ccTLD is marketed by BRS Media Inc. for use by music, radio, and social media websites. A percentage of the income from .fm registrations goes back to the government and people of the Federated States of Micronesia.[20]

.am[edit | edit source]

The .am ccTLD is is managed and operated by ISOC.AM (Intrernet Society NGO) a non-governmental organization, which was registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia in 1995. The founding meeting of the organization took place on August 4, 1994.

.ws[edit | edit source]

The .ws ccTLD is managed and operated by SamoaNIC,[21] and it is promoting the TLD as a shortened form of Web Site or World Site.[22] The marketing strategy provides users global presence. The marketing program for .ws is carried out by Global Domains International Incorporated.[23]

.me[edit | edit source]

The ccTLD of Montenegro, .me, has been marketed by DoMEn for use by bloggers, social media users, and socially inclined websites and companies.[24]

Current ccTLDs[edit | edit source]

The following is a list of the current ccTLDs, including their registry operators and any special notes about registration of the domains.[25][26]

ccTLDEntityRegistry OperatorNotes
.acAscension IslandNic.ac
.adAndorraAndorra Telecom
.aeUnited Arab EmiratesUAEnic
.afAfghanistanAfgNIC
.agAntigua and BarbudaNic AG
.aiAnguillaGovernment of Anguilla
.alAlbaniaAlbania Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (AKEP)
.amArmeniaISOC.AM (Internet Society NGO, based in Armenia 1994, 4 August)
.anAntilles (Netherlands)University of the Netherlands AntillesBeing phased out
.aoAngolaFaculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Agostinho Neto
.aqAntarcticaMott and AssociatesAvailable to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, and other registrants with a local physical presence.
.arArgentinaNIC Argentina
.asAmerican SamoaAS Domain Registry
.atAustriaNic.at
.auAustraliaauDAABN (Australian Business Number) required
.awArubaSETARRestricted to local companies, organizations, and citizens
.axAland IslandsÅlands Landskapsregeringen
.azAzerbaijanIntraNS
.baBosnia and HerzegovinaUTIC
.bbBarbadosGovernment of Barbados Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Telecommunications Unit
.bdBangladeshMinistry of Post & Telecommunications Bangladesh Secretariat
.beBelgiumDNS BelgiumAlso unofficially used in Berne, Switzerland
.bfBurkina FasoARCEP
.bgBulgariaRegister.BG
.bhBahrainBATELCO
.biBurundiBurundi National Center of Information Technology
.bjBeninOffices des Postes et Telecommunications
.blSaint BarthelemyUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.bmBermudaRegistry General Ministry of Labour and ImmigrationLocal corporate registration required
.bnBrunei DarussalamJabatan Telekom Brunei
.boBoliviaAgencia para el Desarrollo de la Información de la Sociedad en Bolivia
.bqBonaire, Sint Eustatius and SabaUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.brBrazilNIC.brTop level registration is restricted, registration at second level
.bsBahamasThe College of the Bahamas
.btBhutanMinistry of Information and Communications
.bvBouvet IslandUNINETT Norid ASNot in use
.bwBotswanaBotswana Telecommunications Corporation
.byBelarusOpen Contact Ltd.
.bzBelizeUniversity of Belize
.caCanadaCIRASubject to Canadian Presence Requirements
.ccCocos (Keeling) IslandseNIC Cocos Islands Pty. Ltd.Second level domains used in free, public domain service
.cdDemocratic Republic of the CongoCDNIC
.cfCentral African RepublicDot CF
.cgRepublic of CongoONPT Congo and Interpoint Switzerland
.chSwitzerlandSWITCH
.ciCote d'IvoireINP-HB
.ckCook IslandsTelecom Cook Islands Ltd.
.clChileNIC ChileLocal presence required
.cmCameroonCAMTELRestricted to local entities/companies
.cnChinaCNNICRegistration allowed worldwide
.coColombia.co Internet
.crCosta RicaAcademia Nacional de Ciencias
.cuCubaCENIA
.cvCape VerdeANAC
.cwCuraçaoUniversity of the Netherlands Antilles
.cxChristmas IslandChristmas Island Internet Administration Ltd.
.cyCyprusUniversity of Cyprus
.czCzech RepublicCZ.NIC
.deGermanyDENICGerman postal address required for administrative contact
.djDjiboutiDjibouti Telecom SA
.dkDenmarkDK Hostmaster
.dmDominicaDotDM Corporation
.doDominican RepublicPontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Recinto Santo Tomas de Aquino
.dzAlgeriaNIC.dz
.ecEcuadorECUADORDOMAIN S.A.
.eeEstoniaEstonian Internet FoundationEstonian postal address required for administrative contact
.egEgyptEUN Supreme Council of Universities
.ehWestern SaharaUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.erEritreaEriTel
.esSpainRED.ES
.etEthiopiaEthiopian Telecommunications Corporation
.euEuropean UnionEURidRestricted to institutions, companies, and individuals within the European Union
.fiFinlandFICORARegistration is available to everyone all around the world
.fjFijiThe University of the South Pacific IT Services
.fkFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Falkland Islands Government
.fmFederated States of MicronesiaFSM Telecommunications Corporation
.foFaroe IslandsFO Council
.frFranceAFNICFrench presence required
.gaGabonGabon Telecom
.gbUnited KingdomUnassigned, reserved domainOriginally meant to replace .uk
.gdGrenadaNTRC
.geGeorgiaCaucasus Online
.gfFrench GuianaNet Plus
.ggGuernseyIsland Networks
.ghGhanaNetwork Computer Systems
.giGibraltarSapphire Networks
.glGreenlandTELE Greenland AS
.gmGambiaGM-NIC
.gnGuineaCentre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura
.gpGuadeloupeNetworking Technologies Group
.gqEquatorial GuineaGETESA
.grGreeceGR-Hostmaster
.gsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsGSGSSI
.gtGuatemalaUniversidad del Valle de Guatemala
.guGuamUniversity of Guam Computer Center
.gwGuinea-BissauARN
.gyGuyanaUniversity of Guyana
.hkHong KongHong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.
.hmHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHM Domain Registry
.hnHondurasRed de Desarrollo Sostenible Honduras
.hrCroatiaCARNet
.htHaitiConsortium FDS/RDDH
.huHungaryCHIP
.idIndonesiaIDNIC-PPAU Mikroelektronika
.ieIrelandIE Domain Registry LimitedLimited to Irish citizens, Ireland-registered brands and companies, and companies doing business in Ireland
.ilIsraelISOC-IL (Israeli Branch of ISOC)
.imIsle of ManIsle of Man Government
.inIndiaNIXI
.ioBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryIO Top Level Domain Registry Cable and Wireless
.iqIraqCMC
.irIslamic Republic of IranIRNIC
.isIcelandISNIC
.itItalyIIT - CNRRestricted to companies and individuals within the EU
.jeJerseyIsland Networks
.jmJamaicaUniversity of West Indies
.joJordanNITC
.jpJapanJapan Registry ServicesPhysical address within Japan required
.keKenyaKENIC
.kgKyrgyzstanAsiaInfo Telecommunications Enterprise
.khCambodiaCambodia Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
.kiKiribatiMinistry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development
.kmComorosComores Telecom
.knSaint Kitts and NevisMinistry of Finance, Sustainable Development Information & Technology
.kpDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaStar Joint Venture Company
.krRepublic of KoreaKISA
.kwKuwaitMinistry of Communications
.kyCaymen IslandsThe Information and Communication AuthorityRestricted to qualified Cayman entities
.kzKazakhstanAssociation of IT Companies of Kazakhstan
.laLaosLANICCurrently marketed as an unofficial domain for Los Angeles
.lbLebanonInternet Society Lebanon (ISOC-LB)
.lcSaint LuciaUniversity of Puerto Rico
.liLiechtensteinUniversitaet Liechtenstein
.lkSri LankaCouncil for Information Technology and LK Domain Registrar
.lrLiberiaData Technology Solutions, Inc.
.lsLesothoNational University of Lesotho
.ltLithuaniaDomreg
.luLuxembourgRESTENA
.lvLatviaNIC.LV
.lyLibyaGeneral Post and Telecommunications Company
.maMoroccoANRT
.mcMonacoGouvernement de Monaco Direction des Communications Electroniques
.mdRepublic of MoldovaMoldDataMarketed to medical professionals worldwide
.meMontenegrodoMEn
.mfSaint MartinUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.mgMadagascarNIC-MG
.mhMarshall IslandsCabinet Office
.mkMacedoniaMinistry of Foreign RelationsRestricted to companies within Macedonia
.mlMaliSotelma
.mmMyanmarMinistry of Communications, Posts & Telegraphs
.mnMongoliaDatacom Co., Ltd.
.moMacaoUniversity of Macau
.mpNorthern Mariana IslandsSaipan Datacom
.mqMartiniqueSYSTEL
.mrMauritaniaUniversity of Nouakchott
.msMontserratMNI Networks Ltd.
.mtMaltaNIC Malta
.muMauritiusMauritius Network Information Centre
.mvMaldivesDHIVEHINET
.mwMalawiMalawi SDNP
.mxMexicoNIC Mexico
.myMalaysiaMYNICRestricted to individuals and companies within Malaysia
.mzMozambiqueCentro de Informatica de Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
.naNamibiaNamibian Network Information Centre
.ncNew CaledoniaOffice des Postes et Telecommunications
.neNigerSONITEL
.nfNorfolk IslandNorfolk Island Data Services
.ngNigeriaNiRA
.niNicaraguaUniversidad Nacional del Ingernieria Centro de Computo
.nlNetherlandsStichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN)Was the first official ccTLD to be assigned
.noNorwayUNINETT Norid ASRestricted to companies in Norway. Individuals may register under the SLD .priv.no.
.npNepalMercantile Communications
.nrNauruCENPAC NETSecond level domain .co.nr is used as a free domain service
.nuNiueInternetstiftelsen i SverigeUnofficially used as "new" for English language websites and "now" for Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites.
.nzNew ZealandInternetNZ
.omOmanTRA
.paPanamaUniversidad Tecnologica de Panama
.pePeruRed Cientifica Peruana
.pfFrench PolynesiaMinistère des Postes et Télécommunications
.pgPapua New GuineaPNG DNS Administration
.phPhilippinesPH Domain Foundation
.pkPakistanPKNIC
.plPolandNASK
.pmSaint Pierre and MiquelonAFNIC
.pnPitcairnPitcairn Island Administration
.prPuerto RicoGauss Research Laboratory Inc (GRL-INC)
.psPalestinePalestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)
.ptPortugalDNS.PT
.pwPalauMicronesia Investment and Development Corporation
.pyParaguayNIC-PY
.qaQatarictQATAR
.reReunionAFNICRestricted to brand owners in Reunion and to companies with an address in Reunion.
.roRomaniaRomanian Research Network
.rsSerbiaSerbian National Register of Internet Domain Names (RNIDS)
.ruRussiaCoordination Center for TLD RU
.rwRwandaNIC Congo
.saSaudi ArabiaCommunications and Information Technology
.sbSolomon IslandsSolomon Telekom Company
.scSeychellesVCS
.sdSudanSudan Internet Society
.seSwedenInternetstiftelsen i Sverige
.sgSingaporeSGNIC
.shSaint HelenaGovernment of St. Helena
.siSloveniaARNES
.sjSvalbard and Jan MayenUNINETT Norid ASNot in use
.skSlovakiaSK-NICRestricted to Slovakian companies, organizations, and citizens
.slSierra LeoneSierratel
.smSan MarinoTelecom Italia San MarinoDomain name must be same as company name or trademark
.snSenegalUniversite Cheikh Anta Diop
.soSomaliaSONICRelaunched on Novemner 1, 2010
.srSurinameTelesur
.ssSouth SudanUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.stSao Tome and PrincipeTecnisys
.suSoviet UnionROSNIIROSBeing phased out in favor of .ru
.svEl SalvadorSVNet
.sxSint MaartenSX Registry
.sySyriaNANS
.szSwazilandSISPA
.tcTurks and Caicos IslandsMelrexTC
.tdChadSotel TchadRestricted to entities connected with Chad
.tfFrench Southern TerritoriesAFNIC
.tgTogoC.A.F.E. Informatique et Telecommunications
.thThailandTHNIC
.tjTajikistanInformation Technology Center
.tkTokelauTeletokUsed as a free public domain service
.tlTimor-LesteMinistry Infrastructure Information and Technology Division Old code, .tp, still also in use
.tmTurkmenistanTM Domain Registry
.tnTunisiaTunisia Telecommunications Agency ATI
.toTongaGovernment of the Kingdom of TongaUnofficially used for torrent, Toronto, and Tokyo
.tpPortuguese TimorUnassignedBeing phased out in favor of .tl
.trTurkeyNIC.TR.nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus
.ttTrinidad and TobagoUniversity of the West Indies Faculty of Engineering
.tvTuvaluMinistry of Finance and TourismUsed as a abbreviation for television
.twTaiwanTWNICRegistration allowed worldwide
.tzTanzaniaTzNICPresence within Tanzania required
.uaUkraineHostmaster LTD
.ugUgandaCharles Musisi
.ukUnited KingdomNominetUK service address required
.umUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUnassignedCurrently not in root zone
.usUnited StatesNeuStarCommonly used by US state and local governments instead of .gov
.uyUruguaySeCIU
.uzUzbekistanUZINFOCOM
.vaVatican CityInternet Office of the Holy SeeLimited to officials sites of the Vatican/Holy See
.vcSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesMinistry of Telecommunications, Science, Technology and Industry
.veVenezuelaCONATEL
.vgBritish Virgin IslandsPinebrook Developments Ltd.
.viUS Virgin IslandsNIC.vi
.vnVietnamVNNIC
.vuVanuatuTelecom Vanuatu Ltd.
.wfWallis and FutunaAFNIC
.wsSamoaGovernment of Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs
.ytMayoteAFNIC
.zaSouth AfricaZADNA
.zmZambiaZAMNET
.zwZimbabweZISPA

References[edit | edit source]